Across
- 1. a ______ pulse indicates something impeding ejection - shock or aortic stenosis.
- 4. cats in general have a very ______ heart rate.
- 6. examine the external ______ vein for abnormal distension (in right heart failure --> back up in systemic, starting with great veins) or abnormal pulsatons.
- 10. in general, barrel chested dogs will have heart sounds with a ______ pitch. whereas thinner chested dogs will have higher pitched heart sounds.
- 11. evaluate the _________ arterial pulse in the inguinal region for strength and regularity. can also listen to heart at same time to check for any pulse deficits.
- 12. a grade _____ heart murmur is loud, but with no palpable thrill.
- 13. the three types of murmur character are : systolic ejection, systolic _________, and musical.
- 17. murmur between S1 and S2 - systolic, between S2 and S1 - ________ (between pulses). a _________ murmur is less common than a systolic murmur.
- 19. cardiac ___________ is when fluid accumulates in the pericardial space, and puts pressure on the heart. heart chambers are prevented from filling properly (particularly thin walled right ventricle) and this can lead to back up in the systemic circulation.
- 21. __________ of the S2 heart sound can be normal in horses. "gallop" heart sound.
- 23. an animal will have lower ________ tolerance. also check body condition score.
- 24. abnormal lung sounds: ___________ indicate airway obstruction - bronchial disease, asthma.
- 25. abbreviation for the point you should feel the apex beat.
- 27. the valves that you can hear on the left side of the dog (three letters representing the valves - around the 3rd, 4th and 6th intercostal spaces).
- 28. can characterise __________ based on: timing (systolic/diastolic), intensity (how loud), PMI (where? 3rd/4th/5th intercostal space?), radiation (palpable thrill?) character (ejection?plateau?musical?)
- 32. a __________ a-wave is visible in the jugular vein in cases of 3rd degree AV block - the atria and ventricles are not coordinated and the atria contracts against a closed AV valve - blood is propelled back up into systemic veins (no valve b/w atria and great veins).
- 33. a systolic murmur where both S1 and S2 are still audible (eg blurred S1, but distinct S2 - can hear both seperately).
- 35. examine mucous membrane colour and ____ (abbreviation). - assess tissue perfusion and oxygen concentration.
- 36. heart rate can change according to ___________ rate - respiratory sinus arrythmia.
- 38. (2 words) when you can hear a heartbeat, but there is a lack of an arterial pulse for one or more of the beats.
- 40. palpate the abdomen to determine if there is any hepatomegaly or _________ - indicate right heart failure.
- 42. S4 represents _______ _____________. (2 words)
- 44. listen to the heart ____ and rhythm. regular or irregular?
- 45. systolic murmurs can be ____________ no gap - associated with conditions like patent ductus arteriosus. can have varying intensity, but no gap between murmurs.
- 46. __________ heart murmur caused by mitral valve dysplasia - Mitral valve vibrations.
Down
- 2. __________ heart sounds may include: murmurs, split heart sounds, systolic clicks, and arrythmias.
- 3. classification of murmur character: systolic _______ murmur begins and ends abruptly (like a systolic plateau), however the frequency changes throughout systole (whereas plateau the frequency remains constant).
- 5. in __________ dogs and cats, respiratory rate is normally less than 30 breaths/minute.
- 7. if systemic veins (eg jugular) are distended, this is indicative of _____ heart failure. could also be due to thrombosis or intra/extra vascular masses eg tumour.
- 8. thoracic percussion can determine if air or ______ within pleural space.
- 9. the age and _____ of the dog may give clues to type of disease risk (congenital/old age, genetic etc)
- 14. S1 represents __ valve closure. (start of systole)
- 15. a systolic murmur where S1 and S2 are NOT distinct. just one big blur.
- 16. __ ____ ____ (3 words) systolic and diastolic murmur - but with gap between. similar to a varying intensity continuous murmur (no gaps).
- 18. S2 represents closure of the __________ valves. (end of systole)
- 20. palpate the cardiac ______ beat - a good indication of heart position, strength of beat etc - may even be able to feel thrills! feel for the point of maximal impulse (PMI)
- 22. the valve that you can hear on the right side of the dog. also known as the right atrioventricular valve. (can hear around the 5th intercostal space).
- 26. (2 words) S3 represents rapid __________ __________.
- 27. if a dog is cyanotic - it s important to check _________ ______ _______ (PCV) 3 words.
- 29. measure respiratory rate and effort at ______ (assess for pulmonary function (left heart failure clues))
- 30. a _________ pulse is when there is a fast decay in diastolic pressure. indicates PDA or aortic insufficiency.
- 31. cardiac causes of cyanosis (blue) --> pulmonary oedema and poor systemic perfusion/poor gas exchange), pulmonic stenosis or pulmonary hypertension with atrial or ventricular septal defect, or a patent _______ _________.
- 34. a grade ____ heart murmur is very loud, palpable thrill, and can be heard without a stethoscope.
- 37. a grade ______ heart murmur is very loud, with a palpable thrill.
- 39. a grade III murmur is of _________ intensity, similar audibility to S1 and S2 heart sounds. no palpable thrill.
- 41. grade I and II murmurs are very ____ and ____. quieter than the S1 and S2 heart sounds.
- 43. abnormal lung sounds: ___________ at the end of inspiraton - sound coarse or fine - indicate pulmonary oedema or pulmonary fibrosis.
- 47. auscultate the heart and left and right _____.