Cardio - Seminar 1: Clinical Investigation of the CV System

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Across
  1. 2. evaluate the _________ arterial pulse in the inguinal region for strength and regularity. can also listen to heart at same time to check for any pulse deficits.
  2. 5. __ ____ ____ (3 words) systolic and diastolic murmur - but with gap between. similar to a varying intensity continuous murmur (no gaps).
  3. 9. cardiac ___________ is when fluid accumulates in the pericardial space, and puts pressure on the heart. heart chambers are prevented from filling properly (particularly thin walled right ventricle) and this can lead to back up in the systemic circulation.
  4. 12. if a dog is cyanotic - it s important to check _________ ______ _______ (PCV) 3 words.
  5. 18. (2 words) S3 represents rapid __________ __________.
  6. 21. in __________ dogs and cats, respiratory rate is normally less than 30 breaths/minute.
  7. 22. a systolic murmur where S1 and S2 are NOT distinct. just one big blur.
  8. 23. a grade _____ heart murmur is loud, but with no palpable thrill.
  9. 24. abnormal lung sounds: ___________ indicate airway obstruction - bronchial disease, asthma.
  10. 25. a grade ____ heart murmur is very loud, palpable thrill, and can be heard without a stethoscope.
  11. 27. a systolic murmur where both S1 and S2 are still audible (eg blurred S1, but distinct S2 - can hear both seperately).
  12. 29. __________ heart murmur caused by mitral valve dysplasia - Mitral valve vibrations.
  13. 30. abnormal lung sounds: ___________ at the end of inspiraton - sound coarse or fine - indicate pulmonary oedema or pulmonary fibrosis.
  14. 31. examine mucous membrane colour and ____ (abbreviation). - assess tissue perfusion and oxygen concentration.
  15. 32. __________ of the S2 heart sound can be normal in horses. "gallop" heart sound.
  16. 34. can characterise __________ based on: timing (systolic/diastolic), intensity (how loud), PMI (where? 3rd/4th/5th intercostal space?), radiation (palpable thrill?) character (ejection?plateau?musical?)
  17. 35. systolic murmurs can be ____________ no gap - associated with conditions like patent ductus arteriosus. can have varying intensity, but no gap between murmurs.
  18. 37. a __________ a-wave is visible in the jugular vein in cases of 3rd degree AV block - the atria and ventricles are not coordinated and the atria contracts against a closed AV valve - blood is propelled back up into systemic veins (no valve b/w atria and great veins).
  19. 38. S2 represents closure of the __________ valves. (end of systole)
  20. 40. a _________ pulse is when there is a fast decay in diastolic pressure. indicates PDA or aortic insufficiency.
  21. 41. auscultate the heart and left and right _____.
  22. 42. palpate the cardiac ______ beat - a good indication of heart position, strength of beat etc - may even be able to feel thrills! feel for the point of maximal impulse (PMI)
  23. 45. a grade III murmur is of _________ intensity, similar audibility to S1 and S2 heart sounds. no palpable thrill.
  24. 48. palpate the abdomen to determine if there is any hepatomegaly or _________ - indicate right heart failure.
Down
  1. 1. examine the external ______ vein for abnormal distension (in right heart failure --> back up in systemic, starting with great veins) or abnormal pulsatons.
  2. 3. __________ heart sounds may include: murmurs, split heart sounds, systolic clicks, and arrythmias.
  3. 4. the age and _____ of the dog may give clues to type of disease risk (congenital/old age, genetic etc)
  4. 6. murmur between S1 and S2 - systolic, between S2 and S1 - ________ (between pulses). a _________ murmur is less common than a systolic murmur.
  5. 7. a ______ pulse indicates something impeding ejection - shock or aortic stenosis.
  6. 8. thoracic percussion can determine if air or ______ within pleural space.
  7. 10. cats in general have a very ______ heart rate.
  8. 11. (2 words) when you can hear a heartbeat, but there is a lack of an arterial pulse for one or more of the beats.
  9. 13. S4 represents _______ _____________. (2 words)
  10. 14. if systemic veins (eg jugular) are distended, this is indicative of _____ heart failure. could also be due to thrombosis or intra/extra vascular masses eg tumour.
  11. 15. S1 represents __ valve closure. (start of systole)
  12. 16. cardiac causes of cyanosis (blue) --> pulmonary oedema and poor systemic perfusion/poor gas exchange), pulmonic stenosis or pulmonary hypertension with atrial or ventricular septal defect, or a patent _______ _________.
  13. 17. a grade ______ heart murmur is very loud, with a palpable thrill.
  14. 19. an animal will have lower ________ tolerance. also check body condition score.
  15. 20. heart rate can change according to ___________ rate - respiratory sinus arrythmia.
  16. 26. grade I and II murmurs are very ____ and ____. quieter than the S1 and S2 heart sounds.
  17. 28. the three types of murmur character are : systolic ejection, systolic _________, and musical.
  18. 33. the valve that you can hear on the right side of the dog. also known as the right atrioventricular valve. (can hear around the 5th intercostal space).
  19. 36. abbreviation for the point you should feel the apex beat.
  20. 39. measure respiratory rate and effort at ______ (assess for pulmonary function (left heart failure clues))
  21. 43. classification of murmur character: systolic _______ murmur begins and ends abruptly (like a systolic plateau), however the frequency changes throughout systole (whereas plateau the frequency remains constant).
  22. 44. the valves that you can hear on the left side of the dog (three letters representing the valves - around the 3rd, 4th and 6th intercostal spaces).
  23. 46. in general, barrel chested dogs will have heart sounds with a ______ pitch. whereas thinner chested dogs will have higher pitched heart sounds.
  24. 47. listen to the heart ____ and rhythm. regular or irregular?