Cardiovascular System

3. A drop in blood pressure upon standing due to impaired compensatory reflexes.
9. Fast-conducting fibres ensuring coordinated ventricular contraction.
14. An ECG measurement between two skin electrodes.
16. The flow of blood back to the heart; influences cardiac output.
17. Site of gap junctions in cardiac muscle.
19. The amount of blood pumped out of the ventricle with each heartbeat.
21. Vessels responsible for returning excess tissue fluid to circulation.
24. A recording of the heart's electrical activity.
25. The branch of the autonomic nervous system that increases heart rate and contractility.
27. A pressure-sensitive receptor involved in short-term blood pressure regulation.
28. Widening of blood vessels that decreases resistance and promotes blood flow.
30. The volume of blood the heart pumps per minute.
31. Small vessels that regulate blood flow into capillary beds and control resistance.
32. The process by which fluid moves out of capillaries due to hydrostatic pressure.
34. The intrinsic ability of tissues to maintain blood flow despite changes in perfusion pressure.
35. The site of exchange between blood and tissues.
36. Charged particles in body fluids that carry electrical signals.

1. A temporary loss of consciousness due to vagal overactivity and reduced blood pressure.
2. Insulating structure between atria and ventricles.
4. Conductive tissue pathway between AV node and ventricles.
5. The resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood.
6. The branch of the autonomic nervous system that decreases heart rate.
7. Delays impulse to allow atrial contraction before ventricles contract.
8. Term describing cardiac muscle's unified electrical activity.
10. A muscle cell of the heart.
11. The heart's natural pacemaker.
12. Systolic Pressure – Diastolic Pressure.
13. A method for measuring cardiac output using temperature changes.
15. Upper chambers of the heart.
18. Structures allowing electrical coupling between myocytes.
20. Narrowing of blood vessels that increases resistance and blood pressure.
22. Pressure in the thoracic vena cava near the right atrium; reflects venous return.
23. The pressure exerted by plasma proteins that draws fluid into capillaries.
26. A weighted average of blood pressure across the cardiac cycle, key for perfusion.
29. The initial stretching of cardiac muscle cells prior to contraction; related to venous return.
33. Abbreviation of a hormone released by stretched atria that promotes fluid loss via the kidneys.