Causal inference

3. the criterion requiring a causal mechanism to make biological or theoretical sense.
5. the criteria used to prove a bacterium causes a specific infectious disease.
7. the term for error caused by systematic differences in study groups other than exposure.
9. the humor associated with mucus in the Four Humors theory.
11. process of identifying whether an observed association reflects a true cause-and-effect relationship by ruling out other explanations.
13. the criterion stating the cause must occur before the effect.
14. The specific factor, exposure, or behavior that initiates a change in health.
16. the type of variable that affects both exposure and outcome, potentially confounding results.

1. the humor linked to a melancholic or sad temperament.
2. the theory that diseases were believed to be caused by poisonous, foul-smelling vapors called miasmas.
4. the humor linked to a fiery and aggressive temperament.
6. the criterion that requires findings to be consistent across multiple studies to support causality.
8. theory stating that specific microbes cause specific diseases.
10. A cause that is specifically known to increase the chance of developing a negative health outcome (a disease or injury)
12. The specific health outcome (disease, injury, or improvement) that results from the cause.
15. scientist known for linking cholera outbreaks to contaminated water sources.