Across
- 4. How cells control gene activity without changing the DNA sequence
- 9. Phosphorylated to a less than normal extent, or less than fully
- 12. Much rarer cancer and arise in the supporting tissues of the body such as bone, cartilage, fat, connective tissue, and muscle
- 13. The abnormal growth and proliferation of abnormal cells or abnormal amounts of cells due to a benign or malignant process
- 17. Tissue removed from a living body to discover the presence, cause, or extent of a disease
- 18. The number of times a normal human cell population will divide before cell division stops
- 19. A compound structure at the end of a chromosome
- 20. The cells, molecules, and structures (such as blood vessels) that surround and support other cells and tissues
- 23. Signal molecule promoting cell division (6,6)
- 24. The use of anti-cancer drugs to destroy cancer cells
- 26. Change in a body's reproductive cell that becomes incorporated into the DNA of every cell in the body of the offspring
- 27. Treatment that boosts immune response to cancer
- 31. A gene which makes a protein that can promote tumour growth
- 32. The production or formation of a tumour or tumours
- 33. The ingestion of bacteria or other material
- 36. A substance capable of causing cancer in living tissue
- 38. Change in DNA that occurs after conception
- 39. Cancer that arises in the white blood cells
- 41. A type of gene that makes a protein that helps limit cell growth (6,10)
- 42. The body's chemical messengers, they work slowly, over time, and affect many different processes
- 43. A disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body
- 44. Is not self-limited in its growth, is capable of invading into adjacent or even distant tissues
- 45. The movement of cells out of a blood vessel into tissue during inflammation or metastasis
Down
- 1. The state of not dividing
- 2. The death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism's growth or development
- 3. Irreversible cell cycle arrest driven by several different mechanisms
- 5. Nonspecific defence mechanisms that come into play immediately or within hours of an antigen's appearance in the body
- 6. Consists of bacteria that are both helpful and potentially harmful
- 7. Biologic feature that can be used to measure the presence or progress of disease or the effects of treatment
- 8. Something that is not active or growing but can be active later
- 10. Antigen-specific immune response (6,10)
- 11. No longer responds to treatment
- 14. Cellular communication process
- 15. Microscopic study of diseased tissue
- 16. The most common type of cancer, accounting for 80-90% of diagnoses. They arise from the epithelial cells that cover external and internal body surfaces
- 21. How cancer cells pass through a vessel wall and enter the blood or lymph system
- 22. Cancer of the blood, not solid tumours
- 25. Characteristic acquired by cell to become cancerous
- 28. Cancer that arises in the immune system, in antibody-producing plasma cells
- 29. Early descendants of stem cells that can differentiate to form one or more kinds of cells
- 30. Tumour or growth that is not cancerous
- 34. The formation of new blood vessels
- 35. The cancer that currently causes most deaths in the UK
- 37. The study of cancer
- 40. The development of secondary malignant growth at a distance from a primary site of cancer