Cells

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Across
  1. 1. moves water and dissolved substance down a pressure gradient (often created by blood pressure) through a semipermeable membrane
  2. 7. lysosomes and peroxisomes are active in preventing this
  3. 9. the study of cells
  4. 11. are in the nucleus and are the units of heredity & composed of DNA
  5. 13. largest organelle of cell; control centre of cell & governs all cellular activity
  6. 14. the movement of solvent molecules (liquid) though a semi-permeable membrane into a region of higher solution concentration
  7. 16. long whip-like extensions from the cell; only found as part of sperm in the human body; creates movement of the cell
  8. 17. short extensions of the plasma membrane; increases surface area for greater absorption of materials from cell's environment
  9. 19. "little nucleus"; assembles ribosomes
  10. 20. structure of a DNA, looks like a ladder
  11. 21. as cells multiply, changes occur that may lead to their damage or death
  12. 24. location of RNA
  13. 25. network of membranes located between the nuclear membrane and plasma membrane (in cytoplasm)
  14. 27. location of DNA
  15. 28. movement that requires energy
  16. 30. engulfing of relatively large particles by the cell membrane and the movement of these particles into the cell
  17. 31. enclose cell contents & regulates what enters and leaves the cell
  18. 32. last stage of mitosis where chromosomes continue to move toward centrioles, nuclear membrane forms around each group of chromosomes and plasma membrane pinches off in the middle to form 2 new identical daughter cells
  19. 33. with protein makes up the ribosomes, the sites of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; involved in the process of translating the genetic message into a protein
  20. 35. first stage of mitosis where cell is preparing to divide & DNA replicates
  21. 40. another name for vesicular transport that requires energy
  22. 43. produces somatic cells (2n); parent stem cell gives rise to 2 identical daughter cell so that each receives the same amount and kind of genetic material
  23. 44. pores that allow passage of specific substances
  24. 46. third stage of mitosis where chromosomes line up across center of the cell and attaches to spindle
  25. 51. intake of substances using specific binding sites in the plasma membrane
  26. 53. result from genetic mutations that cause cells to reproduce without control
  27. 55. greater concentration of dissolved substances as fluid in the cell
  28. 56. manufactures proteins; small bodies free in the cytoplasm/attached to the ER; composed of RNA and protein
  29. 57. always pairs with Thymine (T) in DNA
  30. 58. second step of protein synthesis & occurs in the nucleus and travels to cytoplasm and attaches to ribosomes; at the ribosomes the genetic message in the mRNA is decoded to build amino acid into long chains that form proteins
  31. 60. second stage of mitosis where DNA strands coil into chromosomes, nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear & centrioles move to opposite poles and form spindle
  32. 62. barrel-shaped organelles
  33. 63. fourth stage of mitosis where centromeres split and identical chromosomes move toward opposite centrioles
  34. 65. have enzymes that destroy harmful substances and active in metabolism
  35. 69. part of neuron that transmit electric energy from place to place in nervous system
  36. 71. give structure/stability to the membrane by attaching to proteins within cell and attach cells to other cells
  37. 72. rod-shaped bodies near the nucleus; function in cell division
Down
  1. 2. shuttle substances across the membrane (ex. glucose)
  2. 3. concentration gradient drives particle flow from a region of relatively high concentration to one of lower concentration
  3. 4. substance that fills the cells and holds all the contents; between nuclear membrane to plasma membrane
  4. 5. site for protein synthesis
  5. 6. liquid portion of the cytoplasm; a suspension of nutrients, minerals, enzymes and other specialized material in water
  6. 8. large organelle that provides energy and converts energy from nutrients for the cell in the form of ATP; "powerhouse" of the cell & where DNA is found
  7. 10. "little organs"; different structures also found in the cytoplasm
  8. 12. a bulk movement of materials into the cell
  9. 15. droplets of fluid are engulfed by the cell membrane; "cell drinking"
  10. 18. it is passable to some molecules but impassable to others
  11. 22. contains digestive enzymes; destroys old and damaged cells; destroys pathogens in phagocytosis
  12. 23. first step of protein synthesis & occurs in the nucleus; transfer of information from DNA to RNA in nucleus occurs DNA code is transcribed to mRNA by nucleotide base pairing
  13. 26. molecules that travel against the natural flow; from a low to a high concentration & requires ATP and carrier proteins in the cell membranes that act as transporters for the molecules
  14. 29. basic unit of life
  15. 34. has the same concentration of dissolved substances as the fluid in the cell
  16. 36. production of proteins as determined by ones DNA
  17. 37. subunit of chromosomes and carry the genetic traits (inherited characteristics) or nucleotide codes
  18. 38. small cells that slide through tiny blood vessels
  19. 39. a movement of large amounts of material through the plasma membrane using vesicles
  20. 41. movement of materials out of the cell
  21. 42. proteins unique to a person's cell: important in the immune system and in transplantation of tissue from one person to another
  22. 45. produces gametes (n); cuts chromosome number in half to prepare for union of egg and sperm during fertilization
  23. 47. two strands of DNA are held by this bond
  24. 48. modifies and packages proteins; sorts and prepares it for export from the cell or to other parts of the cell
  25. 49. less concentration of dissolved substances than fluid in the cell
  26. 50. ER where ribosomes are attached to its surface to manufacture proteins
  27. 52. allow for attachment of substances, such as hormones to the membrane; used for cell to cell signalling
  28. 54. membrane bound bubbles/sacs; stores and moves materials in and out of the cell
  29. 59. built on a strand of DNA in the nucleus and transcribes the nucleotide code, moves to cytoplasm (from nucleus) and attaches to ribosome; serves as a template for protein synthesis
  30. 61. spreading of cancer cells
  31. 64. participates in chemical reactions occurring at the surface of the plasma membrane
  32. 66. short hair-like projections that wave and create movement of the fluid around the cell (respiratory and female reproductive tract)
  33. 67. works with other forms of RNA to translate the genetic code into protein; each molecule of tRNA carries an amino acid that can be used to build a protein at the ribosome
  34. 68. movement that does not require energy
  35. 70. always pairs with Cytosine (C) in DNA
  36. 73. ER that is responsible for synthesis of lipids & no ribosomes