CELLS

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Across
  1. 2. A type of protein pump involved in active transport. It uses energy to move sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, crucial for maintaining cellular ion balance and membrane potential.
  2. 4. Specialized proteins embedded in the cell membrane that facilitate the transport of specific molecules across the membrane, often used in facilitated diffusion.
  3. 5. A property of cell membranes that allows certain molecules to pass through while restricting others. This selectivity is crucial for regulating the cell's internal environment.
  4. 7. Gradient A difference in the concentration of a substance across a space or membrane. Molecules naturally move from areas of high concentration to low concentration to achieve equilibrium.
  5. 9. The movement of molecules across the cell membrane that requires cellular energy (usually in the form of ATP). It often moves substances against their concentration gradient (from low to high concentration).
  6. 10. An active transport process where the cell membrane engulfs external materials, bringing them into the cell within a vesicle. Examples include phagocytosis (cell eating) and pinocytosis (cell drinking).
  7. 11. The passive movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached.
  8. 13. The movement of molecules across the cell membrane without the use of cellular energy. It relies on natural concentration gradients (from high to low concentration).
  9. 14. A model that describes the structure of cell membranes. It portrays the membrane as a fluid, dynamic layer with a mosaic of proteins and other molecules floating within the phospholipid bilayer.
Down
  1. 1. is the process by which organisms maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions. It involves regulating factors like temperature, pH, and ion concentrations.
  2. 3. A type of passive transport where molecules that cannot directly cross the cell membrane pass through protein channels. This process does not require energy but relies on specific transport proteins to help move substances down their concentration gradient.
  3. 6. An active transport process where vesicles containing cellular products or waste fuse with the cell membrane, releasing their contents outside the cell.
  4. 8. A specific type of diffusion involving the movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration.
  5. 12. Bilayer A double layer of phospholipid molecules that forms the cell membrane. It has hydrophilic (water-attracting) heads facing outward and hydrophobic (water-repelling) tails facing inward, creating a barrier between the cell and its surroundings.