Cells & Macromolecules 2

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Across
  1. 5. Name of process where RNA gets changed into protein
  2. 7. The _____ signal (part that tells RNA polymerase to stop) is removed during Pre-mRNA processing.
  3. 10. relieves overwinding strain ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands
  4. 12. bit of a bacteria that’s used as a tiny taxi service to deliver gene-editing tools like Cas9 protein and guide RNA into cells for gene editing
  5. 17. The 5' end of the mRNA is the ____ of the protein
  6. 18. unwinds and separates parental DNA strands
  7. 19. Short _____ repeats – clusters of repeating DNA that can be used to identify individual humans, often for crime reasons.
  8. 21. ______ enzymes are bacterial proteins that cut DNA at specific palindromic sequences.
  9. 22. The physical division of the plasma membrane into two distinct units
  10. 23. Initiator tRNA
  11. 25. ______ aquaticus, a bacterium that lives in hot springs and hydrothermal vents, providing the heat-tolerant TAQ polymerase that makes PCR possible.
  12. 29. The spliceosome removes ______ but does not remove exons.
  13. 31. Cell type that is undifferentiated and can become basically anything it wants (basically what millennials thought we were until we were hit with the crippling realities of late-stage capitalism).
  14. 32. RNA type that clearly hates mRNA, wants to silence or destroy it after it’s done all the hard work of transcribing the DNA.
  15. 33. A 5’ ____ is added to pre-mRNA in its processing.
  16. 34. Protein coat on a virus.
  17. 35. Combination of protein and nucleic acids capable of infecting cells, chaotic evil, relationship with being alive: it’s complicated. A strangling vine on the tree of life.
  18. 36. What is the word describing the tendency of many different codons coding for a single amino acid?
  19. 39. Infectious protein that causes your proteins to misfold, resulting in neurological symptoms and death.
  20. 41. How many letters make a codon?
  21. 45. binding protein Stabilizes unwound parental DNA strands
  22. 46. _______ Chain Reaction: a method able to vastly increase the amount of a specific section of DNA from a nucleic acid sample.
  23. 47. _____ of histone tails makes them looser and more open for business (i.e. translation)
  24. 48. What shape are prokaryotic chromosomes?
  25. 49. Non-coding pieces of RNA removed during pre-mRNA processing.
Down
  1. 1. Beginning of transcription process.
  2. 2. removes RNA nucleotides of primer from 5’ end and replaces them with DNA nucleotides (roman numerals)
  3. 3. protein production facility.
  4. 4. Aminoacyl-tRNA ______ ensure that the proper amino acids are added to build proteins.
  5. 6. How many points of replications does a prokaryote chromosome have?
  6. 8. fragments on the lagging strand
  7. 9. Combination of proteins and RNA that cuts and ligates the mRNA molecule.
  8. 11. A ____ tail is added to pre-mRNA in its processing.
  9. 12. A word describing the *multiple* powers of stem cells.
  10. 13. For millennia, humans have conducted _____ breeding of plants and animals to increase desired traits.
  11. 14. every time the PCR sequence is repeated, the amount of target DNA ______
  12. 15. How many codons make an amino acid?
  13. 16. Using parental DNA as a template, makes new DNA by adding nucleotides to an RNA primer or a preexisting DNA strand (roman numerals)
  14. 20. Name of process where DNA gets changed into RNA
  15. 24. A ____ sequence is used to initiate the process of RNA polymerase attaching to DNA.
  16. 26. Dividing the cell’s components in two
  17. 27. Where RNA primers start
  18. 28. A three-nucleotide sequence on a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule that pairs with a complementary codon on a messenger RNA (mRNA) during protein synthesis (translation) to ensure the correct amino acid is added to a growing protein chain.
  19. 30. A eukaryotic promoter commonly includes a ____ box.
  20. 34. A type of immune system DNA from previous viral infections stored in the bacterial genome that has been co-opted for genetic modification of other species by humans in labs
  21. 37. Repairs the nicks (unfinished sugar-phosphate bonds) on the newly synthesized strands
  22. 38. How many amino acids do humans produce?
  23. 40. The study of heritable characteristics in future cells/organisms not directly related to changes in genes.
  24. 41. _____RNA brings the appropriate amino acid to the protein production facility.
  25. 42. A protein shaped like a tRNA that frees the polypeptide from the ribosome
  26. 43. Protective cap of repeating DNA at the end of our chromosomes
  27. 44. Synthesizes RNA primers, using parental DNA strand as a template