Cellular Respiration

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  1. 2. Transport Chain (ETC) series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions
  2. 5. product of cellular respiration
  3. 6. respiration formula C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
  4. 7. cycle stage of cellular respiration, in which acetyl-CoA is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions
  5. 8. phosphorylation The enzyme-catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.
  6. 10. A process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme.
  7. 13. force The potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across biological membranes during chemiosmosis.
  8. 15. final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
  9. 16. Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production
  10. 17. space the fluid filled space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes; maintains a lower pH than the mitochondrial matrix.
  11. 18. (adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
  12. 19. respiration Respiration that requires oxygen
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  1. 1. the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.
  2. 3. phosphorylation The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration.
  3. 4. Three-carbon compound that forms as an end product of glycolysis.
  4. 9. gradient The diffusion gradient of an ion, representing a type of potential energy that accounts for both the concentration difference of the ion across a membrane and its tendency to move relative to the membrane potential.
  5. 11. matrix The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle; maintains a higher pH than the intermembrane space.
  6. 12. A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.
  7. 14. An energy-carrying coenzyme produced by glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. NADH carries energy to the electron transport chain, where it is stored in ATP.