Across
- 3. Done by yeast, bacteria, and other microorganisms. It is used to make wine, other alcohols, and to make bread rise.
- 5. Pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis enters the mitochondrion. One of the carbon atoms leaves to form carbon dioxide. The other 2 join to form coenzyme A which forms acetyl-CoA. The 2 carbon acetyl group forms with a 4 carbon group to make a 6 carbon group called citric acid. The citric acid is broken down into a 4 carbon molecule, carbon dioxide is released, and electrons are brought to an electron carrier. The 4 carbon molecule can accept another acetyl group to restart the cycle. Every time the cycle happens a molecule similar to ADP turns into ATP. Five times during the cycle the electrons are accepted by electron carriers which turns NAD+ to NADH and FAD to FADH. The carbon dioxide is released through exhaling. The ATP is used for cellular activities, and the high energy electron carriers are used to make ATP.
- 6. Reactants of fermentation.
- 7. Products of lactic acid fermentation.
- 8. Done by muscles.
- 11. One thousand calories.
- 12. The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.
- 13. The first step of cellular respiration in which a molecule of glucose is broken into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid and a 3-carbon compound. 2 molecules of ATP are used as energy and 4 high energy electrons move to the NAD+. Each NAD+ takes 2 high energy electrons to make NADH which holds the electrons. In this way NAD+ helps move energy from glucose to other parts of the cell.
- 14. Process that requires Oxygen.
- 15. Cells contain a small amount of ATP from cellular respiration. This ATP gives enough energy for running about 50 meters. Muscles then begin to produce ATP through lactic acid fermentation which can last about 90 seconds. At the end of the race, the runner is typically breathing heavily because the lactic acid can only be removed from the body through a process that requires a lot of oxygen. In a longer race, cellular respiration can produce ATP continuously for a longer period of time. However the ATP is released slower, so athletes must pace themselves. The energy is stored in muscle and other tissue and usually last around 20 minutes. After that, molecules such as fat are burned for energy.
Down
- 1. Process that does not require Oxygen.
- 2. The equation of cellular respiration.
- 4. High energy electrons from NADH and FAD2 move across the electron transport chain. The electrons move from one carrier protein to the next. Once the electrons reach the end of the chain, enzymes combine them with hydrogen ions and oxygen to make water. Oxygen is the last electron acceptor of the electron transport chain. Therefore oxygen is needed to get rid of low-energy electrons and hydrogen ions which are the waste products of cellular respiration. When 2 high energy electrons move through the ETC, the energy is used to push Hydrogen ions across the membrane. The side that the hydrogen moves to is positive while the other side is negative. ATP synthase is inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria. THe Hydrogen ions moves through the ATP synthase which then spins. When it rotates, it grabs ADP and turns it into ATP.
- 9. This diagram illustrates the process of...
- 10. Products of alcohol fermentation.