Across
- 3. the appointment of religious officials by kings or nobles
- 4. an empire established in Europe in the 10th century a.d., originally consisting mainly of lands in what is now Germany and Italy
- 6. the era in European history that followed the fall of the Roman Empire, lasting from about 500 to 1500—also called the medieval period
- 9. a medieval poet and musician who traveled from place to place, entertaining people with songs of courtly love
- 10. Also known as Charles the Great
- 12. The Church built religious communities
- 13. a lord’s estate in feudal Europe
- 16. one of the Christian ceremonies in which God’s grace is transmitted to people
- 18. a body of officials who perform religious services—such as priests, ministers, or rabbis
- 19. a Germanic people who settled in the Roman province of Gaul (roughly the area now occupied by France) and established a great empire during the Middle Ages
Down
- 1. a family’s payment of one-tenth of its income to a church
- 2. a dynasty of Frankish rulers, lasting from a.d. 751 to 987
- 5. in feudal Europe, a person who controlled land and could therefore grant estates to vassals
- 7. a mock battle between groups of knights
- 8. a code of behavior for knights in medieval Europe, stressing ideals such as courage, loyalty, and devotion
- 11. in feudal Europe, a person who received a grant of land from a lord in exchange for a pledge of loyalty and services
- 14. the body of laws governing the religious practices of a Christian church
- 15. in medieval Europe, an armored warrior who fought on horseback
- 17. concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters
- 19. an estate granted to a vassal by a lord under the feudal system in medieval Europe