Across
- 3. in feudal Europe, a person who received a grant of land from a lord in exchange for a pledge of loyalty and services
- 5. Church Tax
- 7. an empire established in Europe in the 10th century a.d., originally consisting mainly of lands in what is now Germany and Italy
- 9. in medieval Europe, an armored warrior who fought on horseback
- 14. a mock battle between groups of knights
- 16. a medieval poet and musician who traveled from place to place, entertaining people with songs of courtly love
- 17. Important religious ceremonies
- 19. an estate granted to a vassal by a lord under the feudal system in medieval Europe
- 20. in feudal Europe, a person who controlled land and could therefore grant estates to vassals
Down
- 1. Charles the Great
- 2. a religious community of men (called monks) who have given up their possessions to devote themselves to a life of prayer and worship
- 4. a dynasty of Frankish rulers, lasting from a.d. 751 to 987
- 6. a body of officials who perform religious services—such as priests, ministers, or rabbis
- 8. the appointment of religious officials by kings or nobles
- 10. called the medieval period
- 11. a code of behavior for knights in medieval Europe, stressing ideals such as courage, loyalty, and devotion
- 12. oncerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters
- 13. a lord’s estate in feudal Europe
- 15. a Germanic people who settled in the Roman province of Gaul (roughly the area now occupied by France) and established a great empire during the Middle Ages
- 17. a medieval peasant legally bound to live on a lord’s Estate
- 18. the body of laws governing the religious practices of a Christian church