Across
- 3. an imaginary boundary line that separates linguistic features associated with dialects
- 4. when the regional features of dialects converge toward a common norm
- 5. new words, or new uses of old words, usually short-lived and associated with youth
- 6. areas where English is historically important and plays an institutional role, but is not the first language of the majority
- 9. when speakers from small dialect areas adopt features from the nearest large city
- 11. areas where English is the first language of most people living there
- 12. unique voice aspects with systematic differences in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar that signify inclusion in a group
- 13. type of language variation when a speaker’s choice between forms is linked to other factors; opposite of free variation
- 14. a collection of dialects that are mutually intelligible
Down
- 1. when speakers use language features or linguistic styles associated with another ethnic group
- 2. when geographic elements (such as islands) separate dialects and languages and affect their evolution
- 7. areas where English does not have an official role, but is widely used as a lingua franca
- 8. when the regional features of dialects become more and more different from each other with distance
- 10. when regional features of dialects are shared with those in proximity