Across
- 1. Redistributes air turbulence at the tips of wings
- 2. Pronounced hypothermia in which birds are unresponsive to most stimuli; regulates a lower body temperature
- 3. Feather replacement must be performed in this type of sequence to maintain flight ability
- 5. Type of flying without flapping, thermal or slope form
- 8. Hairlike feathers that monitor movement and position of adjacent vaned feathers
- 10. Outer flight feathers of the wing
- 11. Some carotenoid pigments also have this, humans can’t see it (2 words)
- 16. Inner flight feathers of the wing
- 20. The minimum energy requirements of resting birds fasting at non stressful or thermoneutral temperatures (3 words)
- 21. Near terminus of digestive system, bacteria ferment/digest here, aids water absorption
- 22. Organ that chemically digests food before mechanical digestion
- 23. Muscle fibers that provide short term power
Down
- 1. Muscle that lifts wing on recovery stroke
- 4. Forward force that counters forces of turbulence and friction
- 6. Muscle that pulls wings down in power stroke; attaches to furcula and strong membrane between coracoids and furcula
- 7. Upward air pressure force that counters gravity
- 9. Replacement of plumage that can’t take place at the same time as breeding or migration
- 12. Muscle fibers that use oxidative metabolism of sugars and fats
- 13. Where air is held at different points while passing through bird’s respiratory system (2 words)
- 14. Number that defines optimum rates of wing motions to affect flight efficiency
- 15. Primary protein in feathers (2 words hyphen omitted, no space)
- 17. Fluffy plumulaceous feathers
- 18. Organ that mechanically digests food
- 19. A principle → fast-moving air produces less pressure against surface than slow-moving air