Across
- 3. / The receptor cells in the retina that allow for color perception.
- 8. / Rounded bumps above the tongue’s surface that contain the taste buds, the receptors for taste.
- 11. detectors / Neurons in the brain’s visual system that respond to particular features of a stimulus.
- 12. detection theory / An approach to perception that focuses on decision making about stimuli under conditions of uncertainty.
- 13. ear / The part of the ear that includes the oval window, cochlea, and basilar membrane and whose function is to convert sound waves into neural impulses and send them to the brain.
- 14. processing / The operation in sensation and perception, launched by cognitive processing at the brain’s higher levels, that allows the organism to sense what is happening and to apply that framework to information from the world.
- 15. epithelium / The lining of the roof of the nasal cavity, containing a sheet of receptor cells for smell.
- 17. attention / The act of focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring others.
- 18. threshold / The minimum amount of stimulus energy that a person can detect.
- 21. theory / Theory on how the inner ear registers the frequency of sound, stating that the perception of a sound’s frequency depends on how often the auditory nerve fires.
- 22. / The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information so that it makes sense.
- 24. processing / The operation in sensation and perception in which sensory receptors register information about the external environment and send it up to the brain for interpretation.
- 28. theory
- 32. ear / The part of the ear that channels sound through the eardrum, hammer, anvil, and stirrup to the inner ear.
- 33. / The process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment and transforming those energies into neural energy.
- 34. senses / Senses that provide information about movement, posture, and orientation.
- 36. cues / Powerful depth cues available from the image in one eye, either the right or the left.
- 37. perception / The detection of information below the level of conscious awareness.
- 38. stating that cells in the visual system respond to / complementary pairs of red-green and blue-yellow colors; a given cell might be excited by red and inhibited by green, whereas another cell might be excited by yellow and inhibited by blue.
- 40. constancy / The recognition that objects are constant and unchanging even though sensory input about them is changing.
- 41. threshold / The degree of difference that must exist between two stimuli before the difference is detected.
- 42. principle / Modification of frequency theory stating that a cluster of nerve cells can fire neural impulses in rapid succession, producing a volley of impulses.
- 43. / Irrelevant and competing stimuli—not only sounds but also any distracting stimuli for the senses.
Down
- 1. / The sensation that warns an individual of damage to the body.
- 2. psychology / A school of thought interested in how people naturally organize their perceptions according to certain patterns.
- 4. / The receptor cells in the retina that are sensitive to light but not very useful for color vision.
- 5. Movement / The perception that a stationary object is moving.
- 6. processing / The simultaneous distribution of information across different neural pathways
- 7. theory
- 9. adaptation / A change in the responsiveness of the sensory system based on the average level of surrounding stimulation.
- 10. / The multilayered, light-sensitive surface in the eye that records electromagnetic energy and converts it to neural impulses for processing in the brain.
- 16. theory / Theory stating that color perception is produced by three types of cone receptors in the retina that are particularly sensitive to different, but overlapping, ranges of wavelengths.
- 19. / Sensory nerve endings under the skin that respond to changes in temperature at or near the skin and provide input to keep the body’s temperature at 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit.
- 20. relationship / The principle by which we organize the perceptual field into stimuli that stand out (figure) and those that are left over (ground).
- 23. cues / Depth cues that depend on the combination of the images in the left and right eye and on the way the two eyes work together.
- 25. / In the sense of vision, the bringing together and integration of what is processed by different neural pathways or cells.
- 26. / The process of focusing awareness on a narrow aspect of the environment.
- 27. / A binocular cue to depth and distance in which the muscle movements in an individual’s two eyes provide information about how deep and/or far away something is.
- 28. nerve / The structure at the back of the eye, made up of axons of the ganglion cells, that carries visual information to the brain for further processing.
- 29. canals / Three fluid-filled circular tubes in the inner ear containing the sensory receptors that detect head motion caused when an individual tilts or moves the head and/or the body.
- 30. perception / The ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally.
- 31. sense / Sense that provides information about balance and movement.
- 35. ear / The outermost part of the ear, consisting of the pinna and the external auditory canal.
- 39. law / The principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount) to be perceived as different.