Across
- 1. The thermal energy that flows from a substance of higher temperature to a substance of lower temperature, commonly measured in calories or joules.
- 4. The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by 1 degree Celsius.
- 7. The total energy (kinetic plus potential) of the submicroscopic particles that make up a substance (often called internal energy).
- 9. The transfer of thermal energy in a gas or liquid by means of currents in the heated fluid. The fluid flows, carrying energy with it.
- 10. transfer of thermal energy by molecular and electronic collisions within a substance (especially within a solid).
Down
- 2. The lowest possible temperature that a substance may have—the temperature at which molecules of the substance have their minimum kinetic energy.
- 3. The transfer of energy by means of electromagnetic waves.
- 5. The study of heat and its transformation into different forms of energy.
- 6. A measure of the hotness or coldness of substances, related to the average translational kinetic energy per molecule in a substance; measured in degrees Celsius, in degrees Fahrenheit, or in kelvins.
- 8. The measure of the energy dispersal of a system. Whenever energy freely transforms from one form into another, the direction of transformation is toward a state of greater disorder and, therefore, toward greater entropy.