Across
- 3. Treaty signed in 843 by Charlemagne's grandsons dividing the Carolingian empire into three parts and setting the pattern for political boundaries in Europe still in use today
- 4. The city and surrounding territory that served as a basis of the administrative system in the Frankish kingdoms
- 6. A senior official or royal companion
- 7. A system in which residents of manors, or farming villages, provided works and goods for their lord in exchange for protection
- 8. The Sacred book of Islam
- 9. Peasants bound to the land by a relationship with a feudal lord
- 12. A disparing term used for a person who does not believe in a particular religion
- 14. The part of Iberian Peninsula under Muslim control in the eight century
- 15. A confederation of Slavic territories, with its capital at Kiev, ruled by descendants of the vikings
Down
- 1. A warrior who swore loyalty and service to a noble in exchange for land, protection, and support
- 2. A political system in which a vassal was promised protection and material support by a lord in return for his loyalty, aid, and military assistance
- 5. The five practices Muslims must fulfill according to the shari'a, or sacred law, including the profession of faith, prayer, fasting, giving alms to the poor, and pilgrimage to Mecca
- 10. A piece of land granted by a feudal lord to a vassal in return for service and loyalty
- 11. The highest-ranking members of the Russian nobility
- 13. A successor, as chosen by a group of Muhammad's closest followers