Across
- 2. A confederation of Slavic territories, with its capital at Kiev, ruled by the descendants of the Vikings.
- 4. A senior official or royal companion, later called a count, who presided over the civitas.
- 5. A disparaging term used for a person who does not believe in a particular religion.
- 7. A piece of land granted by a feudal lord to a vassal in return for service and loyalty.
- 8. The sacred book of Islam.
- 10. The part of the Iberian Peninsula under Muslim control in the 8th century, encompassing most of modern-day Spain.
- 12. Peasants bound to the land by a relationship with a feudal lord.
- 13. A system in which residents of manors, or farming villages, provided work and goods for their lord in exchange for protection.
- 14. The five practices Muslims must fulfill according to the shari'a
Down
- 1. Treaty signed in 843 by Charlaemagne's grandsons dividing the Carolingian Empire into three parts.
- 3. A warrior who swore loyalty and service to a noble in exchange for land, protection, and support.
- 4. The city and surrounding territory that served as a basis of the administrative system in the Frankish kingdoms, based on Roman models.
- 6. A political system in which a vassal was promised protection and material support by a lord in return for his loyalty, aid, and military assistance.
- 9. High-ranking nobles in Russia who were descendants of Viking warriors and held their lands as free and clear property.
- 11. A successor, as chosen by a group of Muhammad's closest followers.