Across
- 8. The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.
- 9. The inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving.
- 10. Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting "auxiliary" words.
- 12. The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
- 13. A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics.
- 14. The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
- 15. The tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions invalid.
- 17. Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.
- 20. The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning.
- 21. Beginning at 3 to 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.
Down
- 1. In a spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
- 2. Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements.
- 3. A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin).
- 4. Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.
- 5. A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
- 6. A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions.
- 7. The tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments.
- 11. A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.
- 16. A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.
- 18. A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem.
- 19. In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).
- 20. The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.
- 22. In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.