Chapter 10: Thinking & Language

3. In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.
7. A mental image of a category.
8. The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; impediment to problem solving.
9. Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram, using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words.
10. The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
12. Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.
13. The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.
15. The tendency to be more confident than correct.
16. Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
17. A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that's been successful in the past.
18. Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory.
22. The tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or vice versa.
23. The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
24. A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
25. The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning.

1. Beginning at about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two word statements.
2. In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word.
4. A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently.
5. In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
6. Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent particular prototypes.
8. The inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving.
11. The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.
14. A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions.
18. A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.
19. Our spoken, written, or signed words and the way we combine them to communicate meaning.
20. Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.
21. A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem.