Across
- 1. The idea that scientists should always be questioning the quality of the knowledge they have on a topic.
- 2. General ways of conceptualizing and studying the subject matter of a particular scientific field.
- 3. A type of validity that addresses whether the research design ensures that the only possible explanation for the results is the effect of the independent variable.
- 5. Beliefs, based on theory, that are taken as given and usually not subject to empirical testing.
- 8. The proposed theoretical cause of another variable.
- 15. The variable that is caused by another variable.
- 16. One of Mill’s three rules that must be met to determine causality; the hypothesized cause must consistently relate to or be correlated with the effect.
- 19. One of Mill’s three rules that must be met to determine causality; the hypothesized cause must be the only possible cause present during the test of the hypothesis.
- 25. The use of scientific knowledge to influence behavior.
- 28. A subcategory of multidimensional constructs that are correlated and so not independent.
- 29. validity: A type of validity that examines the question of whether the results of a particular study would hold up under new conditions.
- 30. A goal of science that defines the phenomena to be studied, differentiates among phenomena, and describes the relationships among phenomena. Description is also used to record events that are interesting or useful to study.
- 31. Statements about possible reasons for or inconsistencies among research findings.
- 32. The view that science should produce knowledge that serves people, not just knowledge for its own sake, that people are best understood when studied in their natural environment, and that a full understanding of people comes through empathy and intuition.
- 33. validity: The extent to which one can be confident that a measure actually indicates a person’s true score on a hypothetical construct.
Down
- 1. A type of validity that addresses whether the statistics used in a research study are appropriate and whether they have been correctly interpreted.
- 4. Simple constructs that are composed of only a single component.
- 6. A set of beliefs about the nature of science and knowledge in general.
- 7. The process of drawing conclusions about hypothetical constructs and the relationships between them on the basis of manifest variables and their relationships. It is the process of moving from the concrete and specific to the abstract and general.
- 9. Statements, based on theories, that delineate the relationships among hypothetical constructs.
- 10. Any thing or concept that can take on more than one value; a variable can be concrete or abstract.
- 11. Variables that change or limit the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable.
- 12. A bstract terms invented to refer to variables that cannot be directly observed.
- 13. The use of scientists’ understanding of the cause to predict events or to derive research hypotheses from theories.
- 14. Variables that come between two other variables in a causal chain.
- 17. Complex constructs made up of two or more independent components.
- 18. A goal of science aimed toward determining why phenomena occur.
- 19. The idea that scientists should make how they conduct their research and the results of that research public.
- 20. The idea that scientific research results are tentative and can change as new evidence becomes available.
- 21. A set of statements about relationships between variables.
- 22. The philosophy of science that views knowledge as a set of absolute facts that, once discovered, remain unchanging and unchangeable for all time. This knowledge can best be generated through empirical observation, tightly controlled experiments, and logical analysis of data. Knowledge, in a sense, exists in the world.
- 23. Concrete representations of hypothetical constructs that are used in research.
- 24. A specific type of theory that narrowly describes the application of a general theoretical perspective to a more specific field of interest.
- 26. How clearly constructs and their proposed relationships are defined by a theory.
- 27. The principle that all decisions about what constitutes knowledge are based on objective evidence rather than ideology or abstract logic.