chapter 12

5. The distinct layers of soil that develop over time.
7. Organic-rich soils, often found in wetlands and peat bogs.
9. The process by which nutrients are washed out of the soil by water.
11. Soils formed from volcanic ash, high in fertility and water-holding capacity.
13. The underlying geological material from which soil develops.
14. Highly weathered, nutrient-poor soils found in tropical rainforests.
15. Clay-rich soils that shrink and swell, causing deep cracks.

1. Young soils with minimal horizon development, common in various climates.
2. Soils with little to no development, found in diverse environments.
3. Acidic soils with a distinct subsurface accumulation of organic matter, found in cool climates.
4. Dry soils with limited organic matter, typical in arid regions.
6. Weathered, acidic soils with low fertility, common in humid areas.
8. Fertile, dark soils common in grasslands, rich in organic matter.
10. Moderately fertile soils found in deciduous forest regions.
12. Soils in cold climates with permafrost or freeze-thaw features.