Chapter 12 - Soils & Soil Development

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Across
  1. 2. the movement of water into the soil surface
  2. 3. soil formed from material moved by wind, water, or ice
  3. 5. fine soil particles between 0.002 and 0.05 mm in diameter
  4. 7. the upper layer of Earth where plants grow, made of minerals, organic matter, air, and water
  5. 14. water bound tightly to soil particles, unavailable to plants
  6. 15. a soil made mostly of organic material, common in wetlands
  7. 16. a dry, desert soil with limited organic matter
  8. 17. a fertile, dark soil found in grasslands
  9. 22. the dominant process shaping soil development in a region
  10. 25. soil with a smooth texture and high silt content
  11. 28. a vertical section showing all layers of soil horizons
  12. 29. large soil particles between 0.05 and 2 mm in diameter
  13. 30. the broadest category in soil taxonomy, based on major soil-forming processes
  14. 31. a soil-forming process in cool, moist climates that creates acidic soils
  15. 32. acronym for climate, organisms, relief, parent material, and time—factors of soil formation
  16. 33. water held in small pores of soil that plants can use
  17. 39. a heavily leached, acidic soil found in humid climates
  18. 43. the uppermost soil layer with organic material and minerals
  19. 44. the accumulation of calcium carbonate in dry soils
  20. 45. a distinct layer within a soil profile with specific properties
  21. 46. a dense, compacted soil layer that restricts water and root movement
  22. 47. the amount of pore space in soil
  23. 49. a red, iron-rich soil found in tropical areas, often hard when dry
  24. 50. a highly weathered tropical soil rich in iron and aluminum oxides
Down
  1. 1. the original rock or sediment from which soil forms
  2. 4. the scientific system for classifying soils
  3. 6. a detailed report describing the characteristics and distribution of soils in an area
  4. 8. a soil layer beneath the surface horizon with distinct properties
  5. 9. a soil with permafrost within two meters of the surface
  6. 10. a soil-forming process in waterlogged conditions that produces gray, sticky soil
  7. 11. a clay-rich soil that expands and contracts with moisture
  8. 12. grade a classification based on soil texture or structure
  9. 13. the accumulation of materials washed into a lower soil layer
  10. 14. dark, organic material formed by decomposed plant and animal matter
  11. 18. the addition of nutrients to soil to enhance plant growth
  12. 19. ped a natural soil aggregate or clump
  13. 20. the smallest soil particles, less than 0.002 mm in diameter
  14. 21. soil with a high proportion of clay, often sticky and dense
  15. 23. a soil with little or no profile development, often young
  16. 24. water that drains through soil due to gravity
  17. 25. soil with a gritty texture and high sand content
  18. 26. an acidic soil with a layer of leached material and subsurface accumulation
  19. 27. soil formed directly from the underlying bedrock
  20. 28. texture the relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay in soil
  21. 30. the formation of distinct soil layers or horizons over time
  22. 31. the ability of soil to transmit water or air
  23. 34. scale a scale measuring the acidity or alkalinity of soil
  24. 35. intense leaching in tropical climates leading to iron-rich soils
  25. 36. the buildup of salts in soil due to evaporation and poor drainage
  26. 37. a soil formed from volcanic ash
  27. 38. the removal of dissolved or suspended materials from soil by water
  28. 40. the process by which water removes dissolved substances from soil
  29. 41. a soil with weakly developed horizons, more mature than Entisols
  30. 42. a moderately leached soil with a clay-enriched subsoil
  31. 48. soil with a balanced mix of sand, silt, and clay