Across
- 2. the uppermost soil layer with organic material and minerals
- 6. the accumulation of materials washed into a lower soil layer
- 7. a soil made mostly of organic material, common in wetlands
- 11. a vertical section showing all layers of soil horizons
- 13. water held in small pores of soil that plants can use
- 16. a highly weathered tropical soil rich in iron and aluminum oxides
- 17. the accumulation of calcium carbonate in dry soils
- 18. a moderately leached soil with a clay-enriched subsoil
- 20. soil formed from material moved by wind, water, or ice
- 22. intense leaching in tropical climates leading to iron-rich soils
- 23. a detailed report describing the characteristics and distribution of soils in an area
- 25. a soil with permafrost within two meters of the surface
- 28. a soil layer beneath the surface horizon with distinct properties
- 35. a soil with little or no profile development, often young
- 36. soil formed directly from the underlying bedrock
- 38. soil with a smooth texture and high silt content
- 39. the smallest soil particles, less than 0.002 mm in diameter
- 42. the ability of soil to transmit water or air
- 43. the amount of pore space in soil
- 44. water bound tightly to soil particles, unavailable to plants
- 45. soil with a high proportion of clay, often sticky and dense
- 48. a distinct layer within a soil profile with specific properties
- 49. the removal of dissolved or suspended materials from soil by water
- 50. a dry, desert soil with limited organic matter
- 51. the upper layer of Earth where plants grow, made of minerals, organic matter, air, and water
- 52. a soil with weakly developed horizons, more mature than Entisols
- 53. the dominant process shaping soil development in a region
- 54. a classification based on soil texture or structure
Down
- 1. water that drains through soil due to gravity
- 3. a scale measuring the acidity or alkalinity of soil
- 4. a fertile, dark soil found in grasslands
- 5. the scientific system for classifying soils
- 8. the formation of distinct soil layers or horizons over time
- 9. a soil-forming process in waterlogged conditions that produces gray, sticky soil
- 10. a dense, compacted soil layer that restricts water and root movement
- 12. the movement of water into the soil surface
- 13. acronym for climate, organisms, relief, parent material, and time—factors of soil formation
- 14. fine soil particles between 0.002 and 0.05 mm in diameter
- 15. a red, iron-rich soil found in tropical areas, often hard when dry
- 19. soil with a balanced mix of sand, silt, and clay
- 21. the addition of nutrients to soil to enhance plant growth
- 24. a heavily leached, acidic soil found in humid climates
- 26. a soil formed from volcanic ash
- 27. a soil-forming process in cool, moist climates that creates acidic soils
- 29. a natural soil aggregate or clump
- 30. dark, organic material formed by decomposed plant and animal matter
- 31. large soil particles between 0.05 and 2 mm in diameter
- 32. a clay-rich soil that expands and contracts with moisture
- 33. the original rock or sediment from which soil forms
- 34. soil with a gritty texture and high sand content
- 37. the buildup of salts in soil due to evaporation and poor drainage
- 40. the broadest category in soil taxonomy, based on major soil-forming processes
- 41. an acidic soil with a layer of leached material and subsurface accumulation
- 46. the process by which water removes dissolved substances from soil
- 47. the relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay in soil