Across
- 3. verbal, gestural, or physical assistance that helps the child to learn a skill or participate in an activity
- 4. gradually reducing prompts, cues, and physical assistance when teaching a particular skill
- 5. theory emphasizes the dominant role of environment and reinforcing experiences in learning
- 7. modification A system by which particular environmental events are systematically arranged to produce specified behavior changes
- 8. General term for a consequence, event, or procedure that increases or maintains the behavior it follows
- 10. behaviors two or more responses that cannot occur together
- 11. discipline arranging the classroom environment in ways that promote children
- 12. increase the behaviors that they follow and are specific to individuals (candy is a reinforcer for many children but for many it is not)
- 14. praise feedback that lets children know specifically what it is they are doing well
- 16. learning
- 18. Technically, the presentation of an aversive event, or the removal of a positive event, contingent upon a response that decreases the probability of a behavior's occurrence
- 22. reinforcement some-thing that follows a response and results in the increase of that particular response
- 23. the extreme form of withdrawing reinforcement
- 25. (of early learning) the concept of viewing the child in the context of his or her learning environment and the Impact the arrangement and individuals in this environment have on the child
- 26. analysis the process of sequencing developmental task into small, incremental steps
- 28. positive reinforcement provided contingent on an approximation of a desired behavior
Down
- 1. One who believes that human development is a natural unfolding of innate abilities and nearly independent of environmental influence
- 2. consequence a consequence that would occur without a parent's or teacher's intervention
- 6. learning learning by watching and imitating another's actions; also called modeling
- 8. a teaching strategy that directs the child's attention and energy from a behavior that is less then desirable by introducing a more appropriate behavior or activity
- 9. materials manipulative materials in which the child's errors and successes are self-evident
- 12. learning environment environment that supports a child's efforts too explore and discover through interactions with other individuals, play materials, and activities
- 13. reinforcement feelings of pleasure and personal satisfaction derived from working on or accomplishing a task, discovering some-thing new, or solving a problem
- 15. appropriate behavior and forestall behaviors teachers consider inappropriate
- 17. learning by watching and imitating another's actions; also called observational learning
- 19. reinforcement the strengthening of a behavior by the removal of an unpleasant consequence
- 20. prompt positioning the teacher's hand around the learners through the motions required for performing a particular act
- 21. conditioning(also instrumental conditioning) type of learning that results from the consequences of a person's behavior; operating intentionally on some aspect of the environment to produce change
- 24. consequence a consequence determined by an adult that is related to the child's original inappropriate behavior
- 27. and watch" a mild from of time-out in which the teacher asks a misbehaving child to sit at the edge of an activity for a minute or two to observe the appropriate play of peers