Chapter 13

4. / theory that the first living things on earth arose from nonliving material
6. / any taxon used to help resolve the polarity of characters, and which is hypothesized to be less closely related to each of the taxa under consideration than any are to each other.
9. / An organism that cannot manufacture its own food and instead obtains its food and energy by taking in organic substances, usually plant or animal matter.
10. / an organism, typically a bacterium, that derives energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds
12. / the branch of biology that deals with phylogenesis.
16. / a bacterium found mainly in the intestines of vertebrates and in the soil.
17. / a methane-producing bacterium, especially an archaean that reduces carbon dioxide to methane.
19. / prevalent over a whole country or the world.
20. / a spherical vesicle having at least one lipid bilayer.

1. / a method of classification of animals and plants according to the proportion of measurable characteristics that they have in common
2. / the set of taxa which are hypothesized to be more closely related to each other than any are to the outgroup.
3. / protein-like, often cross-linked molecules formed abiotically from amino acids.
5. / a calcareous mound built up of layers of lime-secreting cyanobacteria and trapped sediment, found in Precambrian rocks as the earliest known fossils
7. / microorganisms that are similar to bacteria in size and simplicity of structure but radically different in molecular organization.
8. / symbiosis in which one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the other.
11. / the influence of closely associated species on each other in their evolution.
13. / The descendants of a common ancestor
14. / a branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between a number of species.
15. / a primate of a family that includes humans and their fossil ancestors
18. / Resembling a human, especially in shape or outward appearance.