chapter 16

2. how similar cases have been decided in the past
3. established by John Marshall
5. a view that the constitution should be interpreted according to the original intent of the framers
8. appellate courts empowered to review all final decisions of district courts
12. hear cases brought to them on appeal from lower courts
14. pinnacle of the smerican judicial system
15. "the the decision stand"
16. 91 federal courts of original jurisdiction
20. judicial interpretation of an act of congress
21. nominations for state-level federal judicial posts are not confirmed if they are opposed by a senator from the state in which the nominee will serve
22. case in which the supreme courts unanimously held that the doctrine of executive privilege was implicit

1. requirement that plaintiffs have a serious interest in a case
3. judges play minimal policy-making roles, leaving that strictly to the legislatures
4. statement of legal reasoning behind a judicial decision
6. how and whether courts decisions are translated into actual policy
7. doctrine developed by the federal courts and used as a means to avoid deciding some cases
9. a constraint on the courts, requiring that a case must be capable of being settled by legal methods
10. established the court's power of judicial review over acts of congress
11. lawsuits permitting a small number of people to sue on behalf of all other people similarly situated
13. these are the courts that determine the facts about a case
17. judges make bold policy decisions, even charting new constitutional ground
18. presidential appointee and the third ranking member of the department of justice
19. "friend of the court"