Chapter 17

1. the transfer of heat by mass movement or circulation within a substance
4. a measure of the average kinetic energy of the individual atoms or molecules in a substance
5. is a form of oxygen that combines three oxygen atoms into each molecule
9. the first day of winter
13. it was thought that greenhouses were heated in a similar manner
15. the third mechanism of heat transfer
16. the fraction of total radiation that is reflected by ant surface
17. lines that connect points that have the same temperature
18. the transfer of heat through matter by molecular activity

2. a layer that contains only a tiny fraction of the atmosphere’s mass
3. the energy transferred from one object to another because of a difference in their temperatures
6. beyond the tropopause
7. the first “official” day of summer
8. the third layer
10. produces a larger number of weaker rays that travel in different directions
11. the bottom layer, were temperature decreases with an increase in altitude
12. the start of autumn in the northern hemisphere
14. occurs when an electromagnetic wave bounces off an object