Across
- 3. Published Copernicus's findings (17th century); added own discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic church for his work.
- 4. argued that new political rights should extend to women.
- 5. (1632-1704) English philosopher who argued that people could learn everything through senses and reason and that power of government came from the people, not divine right of kings; offered possibility of revolution to overthrow tyrants.
- 7. War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia.
- 8. Polish monk and astronomer (16th century); disproved Hellenistic belief that the earth was at the center of the universe.
- 12. (1759-1797) Enlightenment feminist thinker in
- 14. Kind of France in the 16th century; regarded as Renaissance monarch; patron of arts; imposed new controls on Catholic church
- 18. Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional
- 21. Culminated in 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages.
- 22. English physician who demonstrated circular movement of blood in animals, function of heart as pump
- 24. A new religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work; sponsored missions to South america, North American, and Asia.
- 25. author of the prince (16th century); emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power; one of most influential authors of Italian Renaissance
- 26. introduced moveable type to western Europe in 15th century; credited with greatly expanded availability of printed books
Down
- 1. (January 22, 1561-April 9, 1626) English philosopher,statesman, author, and scientist; an influential member of the Scientific Revolution; best known for work on the scientific method.
- 2. Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIll with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death.
- 4. originated in 15th century among peasants and artisans of western Europe, featuring late marriage age, emphasis on the nuclear family, and a large minority who never married
- 6. cultural and intellectual movement of Northern Europe; began later than Italian Renaissance; centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance
- 9. Class of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe,product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries.
- 10. Reflected resentment against the poor, uncertainties about religious truth; resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans between 1590 and 1650; particularly common in Protestant areas.
- 11. General wave of religious dissent against Catholic church generally held to have begun with Martin Luther’s attach on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varieties of religious belief
- 13. French Protestant (16th century) who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of geneva;encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America.
- 15. (1638-1715) French monarch of the late 17th century who personified absolute monarchy.
- 16. focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages
- 17. (1643-1727) English scientist; author of Principia;drew together astronomical and physical observations and wider theories into a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion; defined forces of gravity.
- 19. Concept of God current during the Scientific Revolution; role of divinity was to set natural laws in motion, not to regulate once process was begun.
- 20. concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king.
- 23. German monk; initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door of Wittenberg church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of church