Chapter 18

3. to Needy Families new name of the organization that brings forth public assistance to needy families; former possessor of the name "Aid to Families With Dependent Children."
6. benefit given by the government directly to individuals; may be either cash transfers (i.e. Social Security payments) or in-kind transfers (i.e. food stamps).
9. and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act official name of the welfare reform law of 1996.
10. The Immigration Control and Reform Act
15. tax by which the burden falls relatively upon low-income groups than upon wealthy taxpayers; opposite of progressive tax.
16. "negative income tax" that provides income to very poor individuals in lieu of charging them federal income taxes.
17. tax by which the government takes a greater share of the income of the rich than of the poor.
18. government benefit to which certain qualified individuals are entitled by law, regardless of need.
19. tax by which the government takes the same share of income from everyone, rich and poor alike.

1. increasing concentration of poverty among women, especially unmarried women and then children.
2. value of assets owned.
4. policy that provides benefits to individuals, either through entitlements or means testing.
5. of 1935 creator of both the Social Security Program and a national assistance program for poor children, usually called AFDC.
7. "bank account" into which Social Security contributions are "deposited" and used to pay out eligible recipients.
8. method used to count the number of poor people; considers what a family must spend for an "austere" standard of living.
11. government program available only to individuals below a poverty line.
12. the act of relocating to a foreign country
13. "shares" of the national income earned by various groups.
14. amount of funds collected between any two points in time.