Across
- 4. Movement This was a process in England where common lands were fenced off, leading to increased agricultural efficiency but also displacing many small farmers.
- 6. A political philosophy that emphasizes tradition, stability, and maintaining established institutions.
- 8. A movement to end slavery and the slave trade, particularly prominent in the 19th century.
- 9. von Bismarck The Chancellor of Germany who was instrumental in unifying Germany through a series of wars and diplomatic strategies in the 19th century.
- 10. A process in iron production that involved removing impurities from pig iron to create wrought iron.
- 15. Industry This was a system where goods were produced at home rather than in factories, often involving families working together.
- 17. A person who advocates for significant change or reform, often in a political context.
- 18. The capital of the Czech Republic, historically significant in various European political movements.
- 19. Male Suffrage The right for all adult men to vote, regardless of property ownership or social status.
- 22. A city in England that became a major center for textile manufacturing during the Industrial Revolution.
- 23. Watt An inventor and mechanical engineer known for improving the steam engine, which played a key role in the Industrial Revolution.
- 25. of Intervention The idea that countries have the right to intervene in the affairs of other nations to maintain order and stability.
- 27. of Rights A list of fundamental rights and freedoms guaranteed to individuals, often included in a constitution.
- 29. Garibaldi An Italian general and nationalist who was a key figure in the unification of Italy, known for his military campaigns.
- 30. This refers to something that is based on a suggested idea or theory rather than on actual facts.
- 31. A German emperor, particularly during the time of the German Empire (1871-1918). The most famous Kaiser was Wilhelm II.
- 34. A port city in England that was crucial for trade and the shipping of goods during the Industrial Revolution.
- 35. The first President of France and later Emperor, known for his role in the establishment of the Second French Empire.
- 37. A direct vote in which an entire electorate is invited to vote on a particular proposal, often related to changes in government or territory.
Down
- 1. Capitalism: An economic system where trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
- 2. The belief in building up strong armed forces to prepare for war. It often leads to an arms race between nations.
- 3. A region in northwestern Italy that played a key role in the unification of Italy, particularly under the leadership of figures like Count Cavour.
- 5. The process of bringing together separate states or groups into a single entity, often used in the context of countries like Italy and Germany in the 19th century.
- 6. A document that outlines the fundamental principles and laws of a nation, establishing the framework of government.
- 7. State A country that contains multiple distinct national groups or ethnicities.
- 11. A political ideology that promotes individual freedoms, democracy, and equality, often advocating for social change.
- 12. Fulton An American engineer and inventor known for developing the first commercially successful steamboat.
- 13. This means to obtain something from a specified source.
- 14. These are individuals who start and run their own businesses, often taking on financial risks to do so.
- 16. von Metternich An Austrian diplomat who played a key role in the Congress of Vienna and was a leading figure in European politics during the early 19th century.
- 20. The process of being set free from legal, social, or political restrictions; often refers to the freeing of slaves.
- 21. A political and economic theory advocating for collective or governmental ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods.
- 24. Vienna A conference held in 1814-1815 to restore order in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars, aiming to balance power among nations.
- 26. This refers to money or assets that can be used to invest in businesses or projects.
- 28. Confederation A loose association of German states formed after the Congress of Vienna, aimed at coordinating the economies and military of its members.
- 32. Owen A social reformer and one of the founders of socialism, he advocated for better working conditions and education for workers.
- 33. To withdraw formally from a federation or body, especially a political state. For example, Southern states seceded from the Union during the American Civil War.
- 36. The capital of Austria, where the Congress of Vienna took place.