Chapter 19

2. – A major genetic change in viruses due to reassortment, often leading to pandemics.
3. – A genus of Gram-positive bacteria that grow in chains and can cause infections like strep throat.
8. – A sticky substance that traps microbes and particles in the respiratory system.
9. – Small, gradual mutations in viral antigens that require yearly updates to flu vaccines.
10. – A viral surface protein that allows influenza viruses to attach to host cells.
11. – Infection or inflammation of the ear, often involving fluid buildup and bacterial growth.
13. – Inflammation of the throat that causes pain, redness, and swelling; commonly known as a sore throat.
14. – A viral enzyme that helps influenza viruses exit infected cells and spread.
16. – Species of Streptococcus responsible for most bacterial sore throats and serious complications like rheumatic fever.
17. – Immune cells that engulf and destroy pathogens in the lungs.
18. – Relating to changes in viral surface proteins that help pathogens evade the immune system.
19. – A genus of bacteria that includes the organism responsible for tuberculosis; has a waxy cell wall.
21. – A protective outer layer of some bacteria that enhances virulence and prevents phagocytosis
22. – A disease caused by Streptococcus pyogenes characterized by a red, sandpaper-like rash and fever.

1. – A viral respiratory infection spread by droplets that causes fever, fatigue, and body aches.
4. – A chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs.
5. – An inflammatory lung condition in which fluid fills the alveoli, impairing gas exchange.
6. – Inflammation of the sinuses caused by infection, allergies, or structural issues.
7. – Large air passages that branch from the trachea into the lungs.
12. – Hair-like structures that move mucus and trapped particles out of the respiratory tract.
15. – A complication of untreated strep infections that affects the heart, joints, and can cause valve damage.
20. – Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs; often filled with fluid in pneumonia.