Across
- 2. binding force of an electron
- 3. when matter is altered
- 8. the ejected electron resulting from photoelectric effect
- 9. an atom that gains or loses an electron and becomes electrically unbalanced
- 16. type of electrical circuit; uses 65,000-100,000V, provides the high voltage required to accelerate electrons and to generate x-rays in the x-ray tube, and is controlled by the kilovoltage settings.
- 17. the conversion of alternating current to direct current
- 19. the energy propagated is accompanied by oscillating electric and magnetic fields positioned at right angles to one another
- 21. substances made up of only one type of atom
- 22. weightless bundles of energy (photons) without an electrical charge that travel in waves with a specific frequency at the speed of light
- 25. refers to the total transfer of energy from the x-ray phton to the atoms of matter through which the x-ray beam passes
- 29. anything that occupies space and has mass
- 31. the number of protons inside the nucleus equals the number of electrons outside the nucleus
- 32. refers to the speed of the wave
- 34. two or more atoms joined by chemical bondsNeutral atom: contains an equal number of protons and electrons
- 35. type of radiation that refers to x-radiation that is created when the primary beam interacts with matter; less penetrating that primary radiation
- 37. tiny, negatively charged particles that have very little mass; weighs approximately 1/1800 as much as a proton or neutron
- 39. characterizes electromagnetic radiations as discrete bundles of energy called photons or quanta
- 40. type of frequency from electromagnetic radiations that have a long wavelength and less energy
- 42. type of scatter that involves an x-ray photon that has its path altered by matter; occurs when a low energy x-ray photon interacts with an outer shell electron
- 44. the production of ions, or the process of converting an atom into ions
- 45. carry positive electrical charges (found inside the nucleus)
- 47. tiny particles of matter that possess mass and travel in straight lines and at high speeds; transmit kinetic energy by means of their extremely fast-moving, small massesElectromagnetic radiation: the propagation of wavelike energy (without mass) through space or matter
- 48. type of radiation produced when a high speed electron dislodges an inner shell electron from the tungsten atom and causes ionization of that atom
- 49. electrical energy that consists of a flow of electrons through a conductor
- 50. type of electrical current when the electrons flow in one direction through the conductor
Down
- 1. type of electical circuit; uses 3-5V, regulates the flow of electrical current to the filament of the x-ray tube, and is controlled by the milliamperage settings
- 4. the distance between the crest of one wave and the crest of the next; determines the energy and penetrating power of the radiation; the shorter the distance between the crests, the shorter is the wavelength and the higher is the energy and ability to penetrate matter
- 5. type of effect; an x-ray photon collides with a tightly bound, inner shell electron and gives up all its energy to eject the electron from its orbit
- 6. radiation that can produce ions by removing or adding an electron to an atom. Can be classified into two groups: particulate radiation and electromagnetic radiation
- 7. the emission and propagation of energy through space or a substance in the form of waves or particles
- 10. type frequency from electromagnetic radiations have a short wavelength and more energy
- 11. characterizes electromagnetic radiations as waves and focuses on the properties of velocity, wavelength and frequency
- 12. a high energy, ionizing electromagnetic radiation
- 13. type of electrical current that describes an electrical current in which the electrons flow in two, opposite directions
- 14. electrons travel around the nucleus in these well defined paths
- 15. type of radiation that refers to the penetrating x-ray beam that is produced at the target of the anode and that exits the tubehead
- 18. electromagnetic radiations are arranged according to their energies; only high energy radiation (cosmic rays, gamma rays, and x-rays) are capable of ionization
- 20. a form of secondary radiation and is the resilt of an x-ray that has been deflected from its path by the interaction with matter; deflected in all directions by the patient’s tissues and travels to all parts of the patient’s body and to all areas of the dental operatory; detrimental to both the patient and the radiographer
- 23. the fundamental unit of matter
- 24. the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
- 26. dense core of the atom is composed of particles known as protons and neutrons
- 27. carry no electrical charge (found inside the nucleus)
- 28. type of radiation where speeding electrons slow down because of their interactions with the tungsten target in the anode; many electrons that interact with the tungsten atoms undergo not one but many interactions within the target
- 30. the energy used to make xrays
- 33. when an electron is removed from an atom in the ionization process
- 36. the process by which certain unstable atoms or elements undergo spontaneous disintegration, or decay, to attain a more balanced nuclear state
- 38. type of scatter that involves an x-ray photon collides with a loosely bound, outer shell electron and gives up part of its energy to eject the electron from its orbit; the xray photon loses energy and continues in a different direction at a lower energy level
- 41. attraction between the positive nucleus and the negative electrons
- 42. a path of electrical current
- 43. the binding energies of orbital electrons are measured in this
- 46. the number of wavelengths that pass a given point in a certain amount of time