Across
- 2. An agricultural system that emerged after the Civil War in which black and white farmers rented land and residences from a plantation owner in exchange for giving him a certain “share” of each year’s crop.
- 5. A symbol of Gilded Age corruption, they ran the New York City Democratic party in the 1860s and swindled $200 million from the city through bribery, graft, and vote-buying.
- 6. An organization founded in 1890 to demand the vote for women.
- 8. A term given to the period 1865–1896 by Mark Twain, indicating both the fabulous wealth and the widespread corruption of the era.
- 12. A normal and industrial school led by Booker T. Washington. It focused on training young black students in agriculture and the trades to help them achieve economic independence. Washington justified segregated vocational training as a necessary first step on the road to racial equality, although critics accused him of being too “accommodationist.”
- 13. Mostly run by middle-class native-born women, provided immigrant neighborhoods with housing, food, education, child care, cultural activities, and social connections for new arrivals to the United States.
- 14. Congressional legislation that established the Civil Service Commission, which granted federal government jobs on the basis of examinations instead of political patronage, thus reining in the spoils system.
- 16. This was the first major legal restriction on immigration in U.S. history.
- 17. A distinctive American philosophy that emerged in the late nineteenth century around the theory that the true value of an idea lay in its ability to solve problems.
- 20. A Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of segregation laws, saying that as long as blacks were provided with “separate but equal” facilities, these laws did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment. This decision provided legal justification for the Jim Crow system until the 1950s.
- 22. Late-nineteenth-century literary movement purported to apply detached scientific objectivity to the study of human characters shaped by degenerate heredity and extreme or sordid social environments.
- 23. A construction company was formed by owners of the Union Pacific Railroad for the purpose of receiving government contracts to build the railroad at highly inflated prices—and profits.
Down
- 1. Encouraged followers to use the Bible as a moral compass rather than to believe that the Bible represented scientific or historical truth.
- 3. Colleges and universities created from allocations of public land through the Morrill Act of 1862 and the Hatch Act of 1887.
- 4. A turn-of-the-century movement among progressive architects and city planners, who aimed to promote order, harmony, and virtue while beautifying the nation’s new urban spaces with grand boulevards, welcoming parks, and monumental public buildings.
- 7. Mid-nineteenth-century movement in European and American literature and the arts that sought to depict contemporary life and society as it actually was, in all its unvarnished detail.
- 9. Founded in Ohio in the 1870s to combat the evils of excessive alcohol consumption, the WCTU went on to embrace a broad reform agenda, including campaigns to abolish prostitution and gain the right to vote for women.
- 10. A system, prevalent during the Gilded Age, in which political parties granted jobs and favors to party regulars who delivered votes on election day.
- 11. A scandal-mongering practice of journalism that emerged in New York during the Gilded Age out of the circulation battles between Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World and William Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal. The expression has remained a pejorative term referring to sensationalist journalism practiced with unethical, unprofessional standards.
- 15. System of racial segregation in the American South from the end of Reconstruction until the mid-twentieth century.
- 18. Immigrants from southern and eastern Europe who formed a recognizable wave of immigration from the 1880s until 1924, in contrast to the immigrants from western Europe who had come before them.
- 19. A term used to describe political organizations that flourished in urban centers—such as Tammany Hall in New York—that captured the immigrant vote by promising them municipal jobs, housing, and rudimentary social services.
- 21. A recurring artistic movement that, in the context of the late nineteenth century, aspired to capture the peculiarities, or “local color,” of America.