Across
- 1. The Spanish minister to the United States who found himself at the center of a scandal when his private letter maligning President McKinley was made public in 1898.
- 4. Named U.S. ambassador to England in 1897 when William McKinley became president. Later served as McKinley’s secretary of state. He was author of the Open Door note, which called for free economic competition in China.
- 5. A diverse group formed to protest American colonial oversight in the Philippines. It included university presidents, industrialists, clergymen, and labor leaders. Was the largest lobbying organization on a U.S. foreign-policy issue until the end of the nineteenth century. It declined in strength after the United States signed the Treaty of Paris (which approved the annexation of the Philippines), and especially after hostilities broke out between Filipino nationalists and American forces.
- 7. A set of diplomatic letters in which Secretary of State John Hay urged the great powers to respect Chinese rights and free and open competition within their spheres of influence. Sought to ensure access to the Chinese market for the United States, despite the fact that it did not have a formal sphere of influence in China.
- 8. A treaty signed between the United States and Great Britain giving Americans a free hand to build a canal in Central America. The treaty nullified the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850, which prohibited Britain or the United States from acquiring territory in Central America.
- 9. A proviso to President William McKinley’s war plans that proclaimed to the world that when the United States had overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give Cuba its freedom. Testified to the ostensibly “anti-imperialist” designs of the initial war plans.
- 13. Beginning in 1901, a badly divided Supreme Court decreed in these cases that the Constitution did not follow the flag. In other words, Puerto Ricans and Filipinos would not necessarily enjoy all American rights.
- 17. brazen policy of “preventive intervention” advocated by Theodore Roosevelt in his Annual Message to Congress in 1904. Adding ballast to the Monroe Doctrine, stipulated that the United States would retain a right to intervene in the domestic affairs of Latin American nations in order to restore military and financial order.
- 18. American statesman who served in the House thirteen years (1863-1876) and then a little over four years in the Senate (1876-1881). He served as Speaker of the House from 1869 to 1875. As secretary of state under James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur. Advocated a "Big Sister" policy of U.S. domination in Latin America.
- 19. Well-educated Filipino leader who first fought against Spain and later led the Philippine insurgency against U.S. colonial rule.
- 20. Accorded Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government. The first comprehensive congressional effort to provide for governance of territories acquired after the Spanish–American War, it served as a model for a similar act adopted for the Philippines in 1902.
- 22. Spanish general who arrived in Cuba in 1896 to put down the insurrection. He became notorious for herding many civilians into barbed-wire reconcentration camps.
- 23. Civil governor of the Philippines under William McKinley. Went on to become twenty-seventh president of the United States in 1909
- 24. Responding to anti-Japanese tensions on the West Coast, President Theodore Roosevelt and the Empire of Japan negotiated a compromise in 1907. Japan agreed to issue no new passports for Japanese citizens seeking employment in the United States. The Americans agreed to admit family members of Japanese already resident in the United States, and Roosevelt prevented the segregation of Japanese-American schoolchildren in California’s public schools. Secured without formal congressional approval and was eventually superseded by the Immigration Act of 1924, which banned all immigration from Asia.
Down
- 2. The last reigning queen of Hawaii, whose defense of native Hawaiian self-rule led to a revolt by white settlers and her dethronement.
- 3. Rough Rider. A cowboy-hero of the Cuban campaign who rode his popularity into the governorship of New York State and then into the vice president’s office. He became president when McKinley was assassinated in 1901. He won reelection as a Republican in 1904 and then lost to Democrat Woodrow Wilson in 1912, when he tried for another term as the Progressive party candidate.
- 6. Protestant clergyman and author of Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis (1885). He touted the superiority of Anglo-Saxon civilization and helped summon Americans to spread their religion abroad.
- 10. The pugnacious successor to James G. Blaine as secretary of state, serving from 1895 to 1897. Stirred up conflict with Great Britain during the Venezuelan crisis of 1895-1896. He also insisted on the protection of American lives and property and on reparations for losses incurred during violent disturbances in Cuba, China, and Turkey.
- 11. Commander of the American Asiatic Squadron who boldly captured Manila Bay and the Philippines at the launch of the Spanish-American War. His actions ultimately led to fierce debates about the propriety of American imperialism.
- 12. Following its military occupation, the United States successfully pressured the Cuban government to write this amendment into its constitution. It limited Cuba’s treaty-making abilities, controlled its debt, and stipulated that the United States could intervene militarily to restore order when it saw fit.
- 14. Agreement by which the United States and Japan agreed to respect each other’s territorial possessions in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door in China. The agreement was credited with easing tensions between the two nations, but it also resulted in a weakened American influence over further Japanese hegemony in China.
- 15. An uprising in China directed against foreign influence. It was suppressed by an international force of some eighteen thousand soldiers, including several thousand Americans. Paved the way for the revolution of 1911, which led to the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912.
- 16. Organized by Theodore Roosevelt, this was a colorful, motley regiment of Cuban war volunteers consisting of western cowboys, ex-convicts, and effete Ivy Leaguers. Roosevelt emphasized his experience with the regiment in subsequent campaigns for governor of New York and vice president under William McKinley.
- 21. American naval officer and author whose book of 1890, The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783, impressed a generation of imperialists around the world with its argument that control of the sea was the key to world dominance.