Across
- 2. density, Mass of oven-dry soil per unit volume, usually expresses as grams per cubic centimeter.
- 5. A fertile, porous soil that is dark in color and is formed from volcanic ash, usually found around volcanoes.
- 7. A cemented layer or deposit of soil or sediment that is rich in minerals and occurs naturally in arid and semi-arid regions.
- 9. taxonomy, A basic system of classification for making and interpreting soil surveys.
- 11. The purity, saturation, or intensity of a color.
- 12. A soil that is clay-rich that forms cracks and swells according to its moisture level. These soils are fertile but difficult to utilize due to their changing consistency.
- 14. Soil layer that develops under poor soil drainage conditions; has gray color and mottles. Color results from chemical reduction of iron under anaerobic.
- 17. pores, Macropores that are responsible for the movement of air and water in soil.
- 18. A soil with a dark surface horizon that is high in organic matter content and is well suited to agricultural purposes.
- 19. Large soil macropore created by life, for example, earthworm tunnels or channel remaining after root decay.
- 20. Naturally occurring hard, brittle subsoil layer high in clay that restricts root growth.
- 22. Soil that is low in nutrients contains high levels of iron and aluminum oxides and is found in highly weathered humid and tropical and subtropical regions.
- 24. conductivity, A trait of soil relating to the ease of the water movement in that soil. The finer the soil texture, the lower its hydraulic conductivity.
- 25. A consistency term expressing how easily a moist soil can be crumbled.
Down
- 1. A soil layer hardened and cemented by silica.
- 3. A soil found in cool humid climates such as conifer forests that has a light colored surface layer overlaying a dark layer of organic matter. This soil poorly suited to crop production though forests will flourish in this soil.
- 4. An intensely weathered, acidic soil that can be found in humid, warm climates and is characterized by a clay enriched subsoil. This soil can appear red or yellow in color and require heavy amendments for crop production.
- 5. Typically found in arid or semi-arid deserts and is characterized by their lack of moisture for most of the year. This soil is not ideal for plant growth and may accumulate gypsum, salts, or carbonates on the surface layer.
- 6. structure, Blocklike peds commonly found in B horizons. Two kinds are recognized: angular or sub angular.
- 8. Soils that are made up of organic matter and are in poorly drained areas such as swamps that result in slow decomposition of plant matter.
- 9. order, One of the broadest categories in soil classification systems, consists of Alfisols, Andisols, Aridisols, Entisols, Gelisols, Histosols, Inceptisols, Mollisols, Oxisols, Spodosols, Ultisols, and Vertisols,
- 10. series, A group of soils whose profiles are nearly the same but differ in the surface layer texture or the underlying material. The soils in a series have horizons that are alike in thickness, arrangement, and composition.
- 13. These soils have little to no sign of soil development or layering due to the soil being young.
- 14. Soils that are found within two meters of the surface in a cold or polar climate with high elevations and regions that have permafrost.
- 15. Soils that only have moderate soil weathering and development and are found in semiarid and humid environments.
- 16. Fertile, moderately leaching soil that is well suited to agriculture. This soil has a light-colored surface layer and a subsurface layer that is rich in clay.
- 21. penetrometer, A device with a rod with a cone-shaped tip that is pushed into the soil. A dial measures the pressure required to penetrate the soil. Readings are used as an index of compaction.
- 23. survey, The examination, description, and mapping of soils of an area according to the soil classification system.