chapter 3 vocab

3. impulse to reduce discomfort
5. subculture deliberately and consciously opposed to certain central beliefs or attitudes of the dominant culture
7. _______ culture, the concrete, tangible objects of a culture
8. rewards and punishments that are used to encourage people to follow norms
9. ideas about the nature of reality
10. norms that have moral dimensions and that should be followed by members of society
13. _______ sanctions, sanctions imposed by most members of a group
15. ______ sanctions, sanctions imposed by persons given special authority
18. norm that is formally defined and enforced by officials
20. group that is part of the dominant culture but that differs from it in some important respects
21. social ________ are groups of persons who share a social characteristic
23. __________ culture, ideas, knowledge, and beliefs that influence people's behavior
25. norms that lack moral significance

1. cultural _________ are the ways in which a culture expreses universal traits
2. cultural _________ are general cultural traits that exist in all cultures
4. ______ culture, cultural guidelines that group members claim to accept
6. hypothesis of _________ ________, theory stating that our idea of reality depends largely upon language
11. innate (unlearned) patterns of behavior
12. broad ideas about what is good or desirable shared by people in a society
14. judging others in terms of one's own cultural standards
16. _______ culture, actual behavior patterns of members of a group
17. the study of how biology influences human behavior
19. ________ is a group of people who inhabit a specific territory and share a common culture
22. automatic reaction to physical stimuli
24. rule of behavior, the violation of which calls for strong punishment