Across
- 3. The apportionment of voters in districts in such a way as to give unfair advantage to one racial or ethnic group or political party.
- 7. One of three Civil War amendments; it abolished slavery.
- 10. Provision of the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteeing citizens “the equal protection of the laws.” This clause has been the basis for the civil rights of African Americans, women, and other groups.
- 11. Laws enacted by southern states following Reconstruction that discriminated against African Americans.
Down
- 1. One of three Civil War amendments; it guaranteed equal protection and due process.
- 2. A test used by the Supreme Court in racial discrimination cases and other cases involving civil liberties and civil rights that places the burden of proof on the government rather than on the challengers to show that the law in question is constitutional.
- 4. Obligation imposed on government to take positive action to protect citizens from any illegal action of government agencies and of other private citizens.
- 5. One of three Civil War amendments; it guaranteed voting rights for African American men
- 6. The use of any unreasonable and unjust criterion of exclusion.
- 8. Literally, “by law”; refers to legally enforced practices, such as school segregation in the South before the 1960s
- 9. Literally, “by fact”; refers to practices that occur even when there is no legal enforcement, such as school segregation in much of the United States today