Across
- 2. - viruses that enter a host cell and permanently alter its genetic material, leading to cancer. Ex. HPV, HIV, HCV, EBV
- 6. - sum of total genetic information carried by an organism
- 10. - a virus whose nucleocapsid is enclosed by a membrane derived in part from the host cell. It usually contains exposed glycoprotein spikes specific to the virus (usually infect humans)
- 11. - identical subunits that are constructed from protein molecules; spontaneously assemble themselves into the finished capsid; determine the capsid structure type - helical and icosahedral
- 12. - an infectious agent that lacks a capsid and consists of a closed circular RNA molecule; specifically attacks plant cells
- 14. - the protein covering of a virus’s nucleic acid core. They exhibit symmetry due to the regular arrangement of subunits called capsomers
- 15. - when a virus remains latent in the cytoplasm or becomes incorporated into the DNA of the host
- 16. - combination of both a virus’s capsid and the nucleic acid
- 19. - most contain double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) as the main genetic material and are found everywhere, but are prominent in sewage and water environments; they are seen as a possible solution for killing antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
- 20. - first phase in animal viruses life cycle; the virus encounters a susceptible host cell and binds specifically to receptor sites on the cell membrane. The membrane receptors that viruses attach to are usually proteins that the cell requires for its normal function; glycoprotein spikes on the viral envelope bind to the cell membrane receptors
Down
- 1. - replication and protein production; viral nucleic acid begins to synthesize the building blocks for new viruses. Some viruses come equipped with the enzymes needed to synthesize viral components; others use those of the host.
- 3. - only found in viruses that infect bacteria, may have multiple types of proteins and take shapes that are not symmetrical, never enveloped
- 4. - effects defined as virus-induced damage to the cell that changes its microscopic appearance; individual cells can undergo obvious changes in shape or size, or develop intracellular changes
- 5. - assembled viruses leave their host cell via cell lysis (nonenveloped or complex viruses) or by budding through the membranes of the cytoplasm, nucleus, E.R., or vesicles (enveloped viruses). The nucleocapsid binds to the membrane and forms a small pouch
- 7. - an elementary virus particle in its complete morphological and thus infectious form; consists of the nucleic acid core surrounded by a capsid, which can be enclosed in an envelope
- 8. - has rod-shaped capsomeres that bond together to form a series of hollow cylinders resembling a bracelet
- 9. - toward the end of the cycle, mature virus particles are constructed from the growing pool of parts; in most instances, the capsid forms as an empty shell that serves as a receptacle for the nucleic acid strand. Viral spikes also insert into the host cell membrane.
- 12. - a microscopic, acellular agent composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat. A unique group of biological entities known to infect every type of cellular organism, such as bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoa, plants, and animals.
- 13. - infectious agents composed of only protein fibrils, ex. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
- 17. - virus is engulfed (endocytosed) by the cell and enclosed in a vacuole or vesicle; enzymes in the vacuole dissolve the envelope and capsid; the virus is uncoated and releases the viral nucleic acid into the cytoplasm
- 18. - forms an icosahedron, three-dimensional, twenty-sided with twelve evenly spaced corners; the arrangement of capsomeres varies from one virus to another