Across
- 3. A program that motivates socially desirable behavior by reinforcing it with tokens that can be exchanged for desired items or privileges
- 4. A type of learning in which the consequences of behavior are manipulated so as to increase or decrease the frequency of an existing response or to shape an entirely new response
- 11. An operant conditioning technique that consists of gradually molding a desired behavior (or response) by reinforcing any movement in the direction of the desired response, thereby gradually guiding the responses toward the ultimate goal
- 13. A schedule in which a reinforcer is given after a fixed number of correct, nonreinforced responses
- 14. The intense dislike and/or avoidance of a particular food that has been associationed with nausea or discomfort
- 17. A reinforcer that is acquired or learned through association with other reinforcers
- 20. Exhibiting a behavior similar to that shown by a model in an unfamiliar situation
- 22. A type of learning through which an organism learns to associate one stimulus with another
- 25. A passive resignation to aversive conditions that is learned through repeated exposure to inescapable or unavoidable aversive events
- 27. The use of sensitive equipment to give people precise feedback about internal physiological processes so that they can learn, with practice, to exercise control over them
- 32. A schedule in which a reinforcer is given after the first correct response that follows a varying time of nonreinforcement, based on an average time
- 34. The typical outcome of a variable ratio of reinforcement in which a slow rate of initial learning is coupled with resistance to extinction
- 37. A stimulus that elicits a specific unconditioned response without prior learning
- 38. A systematic process for administering reinforcement
- 39. A mental representation of a spatial arrangement such as a maze
- 41. A schedule in which a reinforcer is given following the first correct response after a specific period of time has elapsed
- 43. Conditioning that occurs when conditioned stimuli are linked together to form a series of signals
- 45. Learning a new behavior from a model through the acquisition of new responses
- 46. Displaying a previously suppressed behavior because a model does so without receiving punishment
- 47. A voluntary behavior that accidentally brings about a consequence
- 48. A response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning.
- 50. The individual who demonstrates a behavior or whose behavior is imitated
- 51. A soundproof chamber with a device for delivering food to an animal subject; used in operant conditioning experiments
- 52. A stimulus that signals whether a certain response or behavior is likely to be rewarded, ignored, or punished
- 53. Learning to perform a behavior because it prevents or terminates an aversive stimulus
Down
- 1. Mental processes such as thinking, knowing, problem solving, remembering, and forming mental representations
- 2. A neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, becomes associated with it and elicits a conditioned response
- 5. A decrease in behavior that results from an added consequence
- 6. In operant conditioning, the tendency to make the learned response to a stimulus similar to that for which the response was originally reinforced
- 7. A relatively permanent change in behavior, knowledge, capability, or attitude that is acquired through experience and cannot be attributed to illness, injury, or maturation
- 8. Learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and is not demonstrated until the organism is motivated to do so
- 9. A method of changing behavior through a systematic program based on the learning principles of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, orobservational learning
- 10. A decrease in behavior that results from a removed consequence
- 12. Suppressing a behavior because a model is punished for displaying the behavior
- 15. Learning to avoid events or conditions associated with aversive consequences or phobias
- 16. In operant conditioning, the weakening and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response as a result of the withholding of reinforcement
- 18. Any event that follows a response and strengthens or increases the probability that the response will be repeated
- 19. One of Thorndike's laws of learning, which states that the consequence, or effect, of a response will determine whether the tendency to respond in the same way in the future will be strengthened or weakened
- 21. The removal of a pleasant stimulus or the application of an unpleasant stimulus, thereby lowering the probability of a response
- 23. The sudden realization of the relationship between elements in a problem situation, which makes the solution apparent
- 24. Learning by observing the behavior of others and the consequences of that behavior; learning by imitation
- 26. Any pleasant or desirable consequences that follows a response and increases the probability that the response will be repeated
- 28. The learned response that comes to be elicited by a conditioned stimulus as a result of its repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus
- 29. A series of gradual steps, each of which is more similar to the final desired response
- 30. Genetically programmed tendencies to acquire classically conditioned fear responses to potentially life-threatening stimuli
- 31. Anything that follows a response and strengthens it or increases the probability that it will occur
- 33. The reappearance of an extinguished response (in a weaker form) when an organism is exposed to the original conditioned stimulus following a rest period
- 35. The termination of an unpleasant condition after a response, which increases the probability that the response will be repeated
- 36. A schedule in which a reinforcer is given after a varying number of nonreinforced responses, based on an average ratio
- 40. A reinforcer that fulfills a basic physical need for survival and does not depend on learning
- 42. The learned ability to distinguish between similar stimuli so that the conditioned response occurs only to the original conditioned stimulus but not to similar stimuli
- 44. Any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds;plural is stimuli
- 49. Anything that follows a response and weakens it or decreases the probability that it will occur