Chapter 7: Volcanoes and Earthquakes

4. ____ Flow - A fast-moving, deadly avalanche of hot ash, gas, and volcanic debris
5. Fine, powder-like volcanic particles made of pulverized rock and glass.
6. The thin, outermost layer of Earth; includes continental and oceanic crust.
7. An opening in Earth’s crust where magma, gases, and ash erupt onto the surface.
8. A bowl-shaped depression at the top of a volcano around the central vent.
9. ____ Eruption - An eruption in which lava pours out from long cracks, not a central vent.
12. ____ Cone - A steep-sided volcano built from alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic materials; often very explosive.
14. ____ Volcano - A wide, gently sloping volcano formed by quiet eruptions of low-viscosity basaltic lava.
17. The shaking of Earth’s crust caused by the sudden release of energy along faults.
19. Volcanic ____- A chain of volcanoes that forms above a subducting tectonic plate.
22. ____ Wave - A slower wave that moves material side-to-side; travels only through solids.
23. A location where magma rises from deep within the mantle, forming volcanoes away from plate boundaries.
25. A large ocean wave caused by underwater earthquakes, landslides, or volcanic eruptions.
26. ____Cone - A small, steep volcano made mostly of loose volcanic fragments (cinders) ejected from a single vent.

1. Earth’s central layer, consisting of a liquid outer core and solid inner core made mostly of iron and nickel.
2. The printed or digital record of earthquake vibrations produced by a seismograph.
3. ____ Rebound - The theory that rocks bend under stress until they suddenly break and snap back, releasing energy as an earthquake.
4. A vertical passage through which magma travels from the magma chamber to the surface.
6. Magma ____ - A pocket of molten rock that collects beneath a volcano before an eruption.
10. A number that describes the amount of energy released by an earthquake.
11. ____ Wave - The fastest seismic wave; compresses and expands material; travels through solids, liquids, and gases.
13. ____ Materials - Fragments of rock, ash, and volcanic glass ejected during eruptions.
15. ____ Wave - A seismic wave that travels along Earth’s surface; causes the most damage during earthquakes.
16. A large, basin-like depression formed when a volcano collapses after emptying its magma chamber.
18. The largest kind of pluton—an enormous mass of intrusive rock that forms the cores of mountain ranges.
20. The thick, middle layer made of hot, semisolid rock that slowly flows.
21. Any body of intrusive igneous rock that solidified beneath the surface.
24. ____ Wave - Energy waves produced by an earthquake that travel through Earth.