Across
- 5. The principal product of weathering is a layer of loose inorganic material
- 6. clay-rich b horizons with low base status. They are thoroughly weathered and are fairly deep with a high acidity and lack of humus with a low fertility. The mineral alteration gives them a reddish color and a distinct layer of subsurface clay accumulation.
- 7. popular in forested zones and are infertile and acidic. They are popular in areas of cruciferous forests in subarctic climates. The top layers are heavily leached as a result of podzolization and their key feature is a spodic subsurface horizon and an illuvial dark or reddish layer of organic matter.
- 9. organic soils on very wet sites and have the smallest land area of any order. They grow upward by adding organic material and usually are black acidic and fertile for only water-tolerant plants. They are organic, not mineral, and are usually saturated with water.
- 12. immature orders of soils that have no diagnostic horizons. They are primarily illuvial soils and lack illuvial layers and are popular in various environments, commonly tundra and floodplains.
- 14. dark, soft, soils found in grasslands and they have the presence of mollic epipedon mineral horizons. This soil develops in humid or arid conditions like mid-latitude grasslands. They are high in humus and cations which cause them to remain soft in dry climates. It is the most productive soil order.
- 15. highly weathered and leached soils and occur mostly on ancient landscapes in hummus tropics. They are products of lateralization and are deep soils but infertile. They are the most weathered and leached with a high degree of mineral alteration and profile development. The natural vegetation is efficient in limiting their nutrient supply.
Down
- 1. located in dry climates and they make up around ⅛ of Earth’s land. They are the soils of dry lands, or areas without enough water and are popular in desert climates. They have a thin profile that is sandy and lack organic matter which makes them unproductive due to the lack of moisture.
- 2. the least developed of all soils. They have little mineral altercations and have nearly no perogenic horizons. Their distribution is widespread an arent correlated with specific temperature conditions. Their development state is usually a function of time.
- 3. soils where clay dominates the soil development. It is found in alternating wet and dry climates as the clay turns wet during the wet season and cracks during the dry. It is found in tropical and subtropical savannas and have high fertility, but difficult cultivation. It also inhibits horizon development as churning mixes the soil.
- 4. young soils with limited profile development because of cold conditions. They typically have a permafrost layer and are dominant in the arctic and subarctic regions with association with boreal forests and tundra vegetation.
- 8. The source of the rock fragments that make up soil
- 10. soils that develop when volcanic ash is deposited in relatively recent times. They are not highly weathered and development is minimal with a relatively high fertility.
- 11. a relatively thin surface layer made up of a mixture of weathered mineral particles, decaying organic matter, living organisms, gases, and liquid solutions
- 13. clay-rich b horizons with a high base status. They are distinguished by a subsurface cly horizon and a medium supply of nutrients and water and are relatively balanced soils. They are mature soils that are popular in low-middle latitudes.