Chapter 8: Microbial genetics

4. Bacteriophages serve as vectors to transfer DNA from one bacterial cell to another.
5. segment of DNA that controls transcription of structural genes by binding to a repressor protein.
9. A chromosome released by a lysed / destroyed cell breaks into fragments small enough to be accepted by a recipient cell.
10. a change (mutation) the third nucleotide of a codon may not change the amino acid coded for due to redundancy. Permits mutation without altering the protein being made
11. Process in which the donor bacterium retains a copy of genetic material being transferred.
13. genes that are expressed at a fixed rate, and are always turned on. Genes that control DNA replication, ATP prod, etc.
16. The sum of all gene types. The letters (nit base). genetic makeup.
21. Turns on gene expression, default is OFF.
22. mRNA used to make a protein. Each tRNA carries a specific type of amino acid over to the growing protein.
24. Nucleotides (G,C,A,T). Use deoxyribose sugar and T(H+ on 2nd C)
25. Composed of a 5-C sugar, PO4 gp, and a NB(A,T,G,C, or U)
26. Groups of 3 nucleotides in mRNA that each encode for an AA that is added to a growing peptide chain.
27. Nucleotides (G,C,A,U). Use ribose and U (OH- on 2nd C)

1. dsDNA is used to synthesize an RNA molecule (could be mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA)
2. Gene transfer in bacteria. Any transfer of DNA that results in organisms acquiring new genes that did not come from parent organisms.
3. One bacterium donates DNA to another bacterium. End result is a new strain different from both the donor and the original recipient.
6. Semi-conservative bc each daughter dsDNA molecule has half of the parental DNA.
7. Inhibits gene expression and decreases protein synthesis. Mediated by repressors, and its default position is on, but able to be turned off.
8. segment of DNA where RNA polymerase initiates transcription of structural genes
12. Set of operator and promoter sites and the structural genes they control.
14. genes control gene expression.
15. Cellular structure composed of DNA and protein. Linear in eukaryotic, one circular in bacteria.
17. Total sum of genetic material of a living organism or virus.
18. Change to the nucleotide sequence in the genome. Can involve deletion, insertion, substitution.
19. genes that code for proteins.
20. Mutation that results from exposure to mutagens( physical or chemical that disrupt DNA)ex: UV, X-rays, radiation.
23. Composes the ribosome, it is literally part of its structure.