Across
- 4. A protein that acts as a catalyst in living organisms. The specificity of an enzyme results from its shape, which results from amino acid sequence.
- 7. an energy form a body possess based on its position relative to others, or structure. Ex: water behind a dam or mole of glucose.
- 8. A form of work which pumps substances across membranes against the direction of spontaneous movement. Ex: sodium-potassium pump
- 9. Where there is a large concentration of oxygen (lungs or gills), hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen increases as more binding/active sites are filled.
- 12. Due to the entry of the substrate, the change in space of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds/fits more snugly to the substrate.
- 13. A form of work which pushes endergonic reactions that would not occur spontaneously. Ex: synthesis of monomers to polymers.
- 14. A site that has an indentation on the surface of the enyme where catalysis occurs
- 15. A human enzyme that functions well in pH 2 and is found in the human stomach.
- 16. Providing a favourable micro-_____
- 20. The regulation or binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site. This is similar to the noncompetitive inhibitor as it may inhibit enzyme activity but different in the way it stimulates enzyme activity. The binding of an activator stablizies the active form of the enzyme, whereas the binding of an inhibitor stabilizes the inactive.
- 21. If energy is released, the change in free energy is ____.
- 22. Direct ________ of the active site in the chemical reaction is another mechanism of catalysis
- 23. Proper _______ of the substrate
- 27. entirety of an organism's chemical reactions, manages the material and energy resources of a cell
- 29. A chemical agent that increases the rate of reaction without being consumed.
- 31. A type of inhibitor that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate.
- 32. This is the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction. In many cellular reactions, a phosphate group is transferred from ATP to some other molecule in order to make the second molecule less stable. The second molecule is said to be a phosphorylated intermediate. If you couldn't regenerate ATP by phosphorylation ADP, you would need to consume nearly your body weight in ATP each day.
- 34. reactions that consume energy, build larger molecules, include photosynthesis, are considered "uphill"
Down
- 1. a reaction where the change in free energy is positive. These also typically possess an additional driving force. This includes photosynthesis which is primarily driven by sunlight.
- 2. A type of energy which is the portion of an entire system's energy that can perform work when pressure and temp. are uniform throughout the system. Symbol: the letter 'G'. For an exergonic reaction, delta g is negative as it experiences a net release of free energy.
- 3. A process that utilizes water to breakdown compounds. Is responsible for breaking down ATP.
- 5. transition slates by straining the substrate bonds
- 6. The rate of an enzymatic reaction increases with increasing temperature, partly because substrates collide with active sites more frequently with more kinetic energy. Each enzyme works better under some conditions than others. Extremes of pH or temperatures can influence a protein's structure.
- 10. initial ______ of substrate: frequently access the active sites of the enzyme molecules
- 11. Reactants that bind to an enzyme.
- 13. Is an organic molecule serving as a cofactor, most vitamins are coenzymes in metabolic reactions.
- 17. Is a nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. They are permanently bound to an active site or may bind loosely and reversibly, along with the substrate during catalysis.
- 18. an energy form associated with the motion of bodies. Is a function of the work done on objects.
- 19. a reaction where the change in free energy is negative. Indicating a spontaneous reaction. This includes cellular respiration where delta g for this reaction is approximately -686 kcal/mol.
- 22. The optimal pH values for most enzymes are within 6-8
- 24. The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start.
- 25. A type of inhibitor or substance that reduce the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing the enzyme's shape so that the active site no longer effectively catalyzes the conversion of substrate to produce.
- 26. reactions release energy, break down molecules, require enzymes to catalyze reactions, includes cellular respiration, are considered "downhill".
- 28. A form of work that involves physical processes. Ex: Contraction of muscle cells
- 30. When the terminal phosphate bond is broken, a molecule of inorganic phosphate P is formed, and energy is... For this reaction: ATP = ADP + P and Delta G = -7.3 (exergonic)
- 33. Materials resulting from chemical reactions.
- 34. Consists of adenosine triphosphate. With the sugar ribose, nitrogenous base adenine and three phosphate groups bonded to it.