Chapter 8 (sec 1,2,3)

1. process in which NAD+ is regenerated, allowing cells to maintain glycolysis in the absence of oxygen.
3. in photosynthesis, the major electron carrier involved in electron transport.
6. one of the stacks of pigment-containing thylakoids in a plant's chloroplasts.
10. energy-carrying biological molecule, which, when broken down, drives cellular activities.
12. series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide inside the mitochondria of cells; also called the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the citric acid cycle.
13. light-independent reactions during phase two of photosynthesis in which energy is stored in organic molecules like glucose.
14. light-absorbing colored molecules, such as chlorophyll and carotenoid, in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.
17. catabolic pathway in which organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell.

2. study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe.
4. metabolic process that does not require oxygen.
5. fluid-filled space outside the grana in which light-dependent reactions take place.
7. enzyme that converts inorganic carbon dioxide molecules into organic molecules during the final step of the Calvin cycle.
8. two-phase anabolic pathway in which the sun's light energy is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell.
9. in chloroplasts, one of the stacked, flattened, pigment-containing membranes in which light-dependent reactions occur.
11. ability to do work; energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
15. anaerobic process; the first stage of cellular respiration in which glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate.
16. all of the chemical reactions that occur with an organism.