Across
- 3. Term means “cut-up spine”
- 7. Into the design of vertebrae: differences in design reflect different ______ ______ within parts of the column as well
- 8. Generally applies to any process extending from the centrum or the neural arch
- 10. Composite bony plate forming the floor of the shell within turtles
- 12. Composed of centrum, support a neural arch and spine, and is often associated with processes, including ribs
- 13. Hemal arches below expand into supportive struts
- 17. Offers site of origin for chest muscles
- 20. Centra with flat ends suited to receive and distribute compressive forces within the vertebral column
- 21. Ribs that have two heads that joints with the vertebrae
- 22. Provide sites for secure muscle attachment, help suspend the body, forms ribcage and sometimes serve as accessory breathing devices
- 23. Also known as ventral rib head
- 25. It is the absesnce of centra in some vertebrates
- 26. It delivers propulsive forces, driving the fish forward but also can produce life forces
- 28. Found only in mammals, they reside between successive surfaces of adjacent centra
- 33. Centra that is a bear saddle-shaped articular surfaces at the both ends, common in turtles that retract their necks and in cervical vertebrae of birds
- 35. Joining the rims of adjacent centra
- 36. A tail that is formed if the posterior end of the vertebral column turns upward and into this dorsal lobe forming its central axis
- 38. Vertical (nodding) and horizontal (tiltling) movements of the head in amniotes are limited to it
- 39. Resegmented blocks of cells
Down
- 1. Ribs that meet ventrally with the sternum
- 2. Area between the thorax and the hips
- 4. Local mesenchyme condenses at the level of the myosepta these condensations become cartilaginous anlagen called_______.
- 5. One of various groups of labyrinthodonts wherein the intercentrum became predominant
- 6. Consist of ribs and sternal elements that embrace the viscera
- 9. One of various groups of labyrinthodonts wherein the pleurocentrum became predominant
- 11. Chain of cartilaginous elements
- 13. Vertebral condition of tetrapods wherein all vertebral elements in a segment are fused into a single piece
- 14. Massive flight muscle that arise from large sternum that bears prominent ventral keel in flying birds
- 15. Twisting movements of the head in amniotes are largely within it
- 16. Tendency to twist or wring the axial column
- 18. Having one centra per segment
- 19. Arriving streams of cells initially form enlarged clusters that are arranged serially along notochord
- 24. Projections that extend posteriorly from proximal rib segments, offer sites of attachment for respiratory and shoulder muscles
- 27. It was used as the major criterion to define tetrapod taxa
- 29. Derived set of skeletal elements posterior to sternum, also called abdominal ribs
- 30. Continues rod of fibrous connective tissue wrapping core of fluid cells
- 31. A unit wherein at the end of the vertebral column, the posterior or thoracic, lumbar, sacral and occasionally caudal vertebrae of birds fuse into
- 32. Shows the heterocoercal and reversed hetercoercal condition
- 34. It contributes with musculature, to bending of the body, storing elastic energy and transmitting useful forces for locomotion generated by appendages
- 37. In fishes serves primarily as a compression girder, resisting telescoping of the body during locomotion and translating axial muscle forces into lateral swimming undulations