Across
- 1. Tissue/an area of tissue in the septum of the heart that conducts the wave of excitation from the atria to the base of the ventricles.
- 2. fluid/the almost colorless fluid that fills the spaces between body cells; tissue fluid forms from the fluid that leaks from blood capillaries, and most of it eventually collects into lymph vessels where it forms lymph
- 5. almost colorless fluid, very similar in composition to blood plasma but with fewer plasma proteins, that is present in lymph vessels
- 6. arteries/on the surface of the heart these can bee seen. These branch from the aorta, and deliver oxygenated blood to the walls of the heart itself.
- 7. valves/to keep the blood flowing in the right direction; these allow blood to move towards the heart but not away from it.
- 8. / capillary beds/the smallest type of blood vessel, whose function d to facilitate exchange of substances between the blood and the tissues: their walls are made up of a single layer of squamous epithelium , and their internal diameter is only a little larger than that of a red blood cell.
- 11. large arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body.
- 12. (ECG)/to detect and record the waves of excitation flowing through heart muscle. electrodes can be placed on the skin over opposite sides of the heart, and the electrical potentials recorded with time.
- 15. / Left ventricles/the lower chambers on the heart, blood flows into them from the atria, and then is squeezed out into the arteries. Blood from the left flows into the aorta and blood from the right flows into the pulmonary arteries.
- 16. irregular contractions of the heart, as in atrial or ventricular fibrillation
- 18. Node / Pacemaker/a patch of muscle in the wall of the right atrium of the heart, whose intrinsic rate of rythmic contraction is faster than that of the rest of the cardiac muscle, and from which waves of excitation spread to the rest of the heart to initiate its contraction during the cardiac cycle.
- 19. cavae/Running vertically on the right-hand side of the heart are the two large veins, one brining blood downwards from the head and the other bringing it up-wards from the rest of the body.
- 20. between the right atrium and the right ventricle
- 23. blood leaves a capillary bed, the capillaries gradually join with one another, forming larger vessels called _______. These join to form veins.
- 25. Node/a patch of tissue in the septum of the heart, through which the wave of electrical excitation is passed from the atria to the Purkyne tissue
- 29. hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.
- 30. blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart: has a relatively thin wall and contains valves
- 32. proteins/solutes can also include protein molecules that remain in the blood at all times.
- 34. auricle is attached to each of the anterior surfaces of the outer-walls of the atria (that is, the left atrium and the right atrium). Visually, they look like wrinkled pouch-like structures. Their purpose is to increase the capacity of the atrium, and so also increase the volume of blood that it is able to contain.
- 36. Anhydrase/enzyme in the cytoplasm of red blood cells. catalyzes the reaction: CO2+H2O=H2CO2(carbonic acid)
- 37. (Tunica Intima)/a tissue that lines the inside of a structure , such as the inner surface of a blood vessel.
- 39. a a relatively constant environment for the cells within the body
- 41. removing the hydrogen ions from solution, haemoglobin helps to maintain the pH of the blood close to neutral. It is acting as this
- 43. red pigment found in red blood cells, whose molecules contain four iron atoms within a globular protein made up of four polypeptides, and that combines reversibly with oxygen.
- 44. and Closed/the combination of pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation makes this; blood always remains within heart and blood vessels and is therefore known as this
- 49. compound formed when haemoglobin combines with carbon monoxide in preference to oxygen
- 53. Veins/the larger veins that run just beneath the collar bone.
- 54. Systole/both ventricles contract. the atrioventricular valves are pushed shut by the pressurized blood in the ventricles. the semilunar valves in the aorta and pulmonary artery are pushed open. blood flows from the ventricles into the arteries.
- 55. (Cardiac Muscle)/the muscular tissue of the heart.
- 56. Systole/both atria contract . blood flows from the atria into the ventricles. back flow of blood into the veins is prevented by closure of valves in the veins
Down
- 1. arteries/blood is pumped out of the right ventricle into these, which carry blood to the lungs
- 3. epithelium/a layer of flattened platelike cells that cover internal and external body surfaces
- 4. blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart: it has a relatively thick wall and contains large amounts of elastic fibers
- 9. name for red blood cells
- 10. Shift/Effect/the decrease in affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen that occurs when carbon dioxide is present
- 13. compound formed when carbon dioxide combines with haemoglobin.
- 14. pigment that stores oxygen
- 17. Cycle/the sequence of events taking place during one heart beat.
- 21. tissue made of plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
- 22. Diastole/relaxation of the atria
- 24. between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
- 26. muscle tissue (heart muscle) that generates its own contractions.
- 27. yellow liquid component of blood.
- 28. the two chamber on the right of the heart from the two chambers on the left.
- 31. blood vessels that carry blood from arteries to capillaries: they determine how much blood flows through capillaries.
- 33. name for white blood cells
- 35. glycoprotein (immunoglobulin) made by plasma cells derived from B-lymphocytes , secreted in response to an antigen; the variable region of the antibody molecule is complimentary in shape to its specific antigen.
- 38. Acid (HHb)/hemoglobin readily combines with hydrogen ions forming this
- 40. type of cell that ingests and destroys pathogens or damaged body cells by the process of phagocytosis; some phagocytes are white blood cells
- 42. vessels/arteries, veins, capillaries
- 45. nodes/they are at intervals along the lymph vessels. these are involved in protection against disease. Bacteria and other unwanted particles are removed from lymph.
- 46. system/The transport system of the body responsible for carrying oxygen and nutrients to the body and carrying away carbon dioxide and other wastes; composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
- 47. type of white blood cell that is involved in the immune response; unlike phagocytes they become active only in the presence of a particular antigen
- 48. curve (shape)/plots the proportion of hemoglobin in its saturated (oxygen-laden) form on the vertical axis against the prevailing oxygen tension on the horizontal axis. This curve is an important tool for understanding how our blood carries and releases oxygen.
- 50. circulation/circulation that supplies blood to all the body except to the lungs
- 51. veins/bring blood back to the heart from the left and right lungs
- 52. Externa/an outer layer of arteries; containing elastic fibers and collagen fibers.