chapter 9

3. A preservation method that combines freezing and drying to remove water from materials.
8. Dormant, highly resistant structures formed by certain bacteria that exhibit great resistance to heat and harsh conditions.
9. A form of radiation with lower energy that is less penetrating than ionizing radiation; includes ultraviolet (UV) radiation
10. Energy emitted from atomic activities and dispersed at high velocity through space or matter.
11. Chemical solutions in which antimicrobial agents are dissolved in pure alcohol or alcohol–water mixtures.
12. A sterilization method involving direct exposure to intense heat that reduces microbes and materials to ashes and gas.
13. Medical devices that do not touch the patient or only contact intact skin.
14. The process of drying out cells; vegetative cells exposed to room temperature gradually become dehydrated.
15. Actively growing bacterial cells that are generally susceptible to heat, including those of endospore-forming bacteria.

1. A process in which a small volume of a liquid chemical is added to a larger volume of solvent to achieve a specific concentration or ratio.
2. Devices expected to come into contact with sterile tissues or the bloodstream and must be completely sterile.
4. Disease-causing microorganisms that are neither more nor less susceptible to control methods than nonpathogens.
5. High-energy radiation capable of penetrating materials and used to sterilize items sensitive to heat or chemicals.
6. A heat treatment applied to liquids to destroy pathogens and reduce spoilage organisms while preserving flavor and nutritional value.
7. Medical devices that come into contact with mucous membranes but do not penetrate sterile tissues.