Across
- 4. The belief in or worship of multiple deities. Polytheistic religions involve the acknowledgment and reverence of several gods or goddesses.
- 8. An undeciphered script used in the ancient Minoan civilization, particularly on the island of Crete. The script remains a mystery, and its meaning is yet to be fully understood.
- 10. One of the earliest known writing systems, characterized by wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets. Cuneiform was used in ancient Mesopotamia for various purposes, including record-keeping and communication.
- 11. A succession of rulers from the same family, passing down leadership and authority through generations. Dynasties are commonly associated with monarchies or hereditary systems.
- 12. A system of writing used in ancient Egypt, consisting of pictorial symbols that represent objects, sounds, or ideas. Hieroglyphics were often inscribed on monuments, tombs, and papyrus.
- 13. A large and permanent human settlement characterized by complex social, economic, and political structures. Cities often serve as centers of culture, trade, and administration.
Down
- 1. A social system where men hold primary positions of power, authority, and decision-making. Patriarchal societies often exhibit gender-based hierarchies.
- 2. The division of tasks and roles within a society, where individuals focus on specific skills or occupations. Specialization of labor is a key characteristic of complex societies.
- 3. The title used for the ancient Egyptian rulers, considered both political leaders and divine figures. Pharaohs were believed to be the intermediaries between the gods and the people.
- 5. A writing system where each symbol represents a distinct sound, allowing for the formation of words by combining these sounds. Examples include the Latin alphabet used in English.
- 6. A political entity characterized by defined borders and centralized authority, governing a specific geographic area. Territorial states often include various cities and regions under a single government.
- 7. An ancient script used in the Mycenaean civilization, deciphered by Michael Ventris and John Chadwick. It is an early form of Greek writing and was primarily used for administrative and economic records.
- 9. An independent and self-governing urban center and the surrounding territory. In ancient times, city-states were common political entities, each with its own government and often competing with others.