Chapter Nine

2. the personal servant of a knight
4. a boy placed under the care of a knight for the purpose of becoming a knight
6. first royal line of the Franks
8. landholding noble in feudalism
10. battle in England between the Normans and the Anglo-Saxons; won by William “the Conqueror,” who established the Norman dynasty
13. a political system in which local rulers offered the people protection in return for their services
14. the most powerful Germanic people in the early Middle Ages; kingdom ruled by the Merovingian House and the Carolingian House
18. land grants given in return for services
19. common church parishioners who did not take Holy Orders
20. a knight’s strict code of behavior

1. more privileged peasants who served as manorial officials or provided skilled labor, such as blacksmiths, millers, and carpenters
3. Germanic tribes from Scandinavia that were feared invaders in medieval times
5. “universal”; “encompassing all”; the term of early Christians for the church
7. symbolic act by which the lord gave to the vassal the right to use a fief
9. a place of temporary punishment where souls bound for heaven must go after death to atone for their “minor” unconfessed sins
11. majority of those living on a manor; their status was midway between the ancient slave and the medieval freeman
12. the Roman Catholic service in which the Holy Eucharist is offered
15. medieval warriors who protected life and property and lived by the code of chivalry
16. the recipient of a fief who owed allegiance to a king or lord
17. those who took “Holy Orders” in special service to the church